mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

QDTrack: Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Appearance-Only Multiple Object Tracking

arXiv 2210.06984 ↗First posted 12 Oct 2022cs.CVcited by 61

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Abstract (arXiv)

Similarity learning has been recognized as a crucial step for object tracking. However, existing multiple object tracking methods only use sparse ground truth matching as the training objective, while ignoring the majority of the informative regions in images. In this paper, we present Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning, which densely samples hundreds of object regions on a pair of images for contrastive learning. We combine this similarity learning with multiple existing object detectors to build Quasi-Dense Tracking (QDTrack), which does not require displacement regression or motion priors. We find that the resulting distinctive feature space admits a simple nearest neighbor search at inference time for object association. In addition, we show that our similarity learning scheme is not limited to video data, but can learn effective instance similarity even from static input, enabling a competitive tracking performance without training on videos or using tracking supervision. We conduct extensive experiments on a wide variety of popular MOT benchmarks. We find that, despite its simplicity, QDTrack rivals the performance of state-of-the-art tracking methods on all benchmarks and sets a new state-of-the-art on the large-scale BDD100K MOT benchmark, while introducing negligible computational overhead to the detector.

Key facts. Cited by 61 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 68 of its 89 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2022.

Builds on

68 of 89 references.

References · 68

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  3. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  4. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
  5. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  6. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  7. 2017mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimizationcited by 5,155
  8. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  9. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
  10. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  11. 2018Group Normalizationcited by 1,514
  12. 2017Deformable Convolutional Networkscited by 1,481
38 more
  1. 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,297
  2. 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,282
  3. 2019LVIS: A Dataset for Large Vocabulary Instance Segmentationcited by 1,215
  4. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  5. 2021YOLOX: Exceeding YOLO Series in 2021cited by 1,064
  6. 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
  7. 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
  8. 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
  9. 2017In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identificationcited by 784
  10. 2019Learning Representations by Maximizing Mutual Information Across Viewscited by 733
  11. 2016Performance Measures and a Data Set for Multi-Target, Multi-Camera Trackingcited by 685
  12. 2019Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 672
  13. 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
  14. 2020HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Trackingcited by 546
  15. 2016MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 531
  16. 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
  17. 2018Simple Baselines for Human Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 502
  18. 2020FairMOT: On the Fairness of Detection and Re-Identification in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 489
  19. 2020Tracking Objects as Pointscited by 483
  20. 2020Circle Loss: A Unified Perspective of Pair Similarity Optimizationcited by 402
  21. 2019Video Instance Segmentationcited by 391
  22. 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
  23. 2019CSPNet: A New Backbone that can Enhance Learning Capability of CNNcited by 381
  24. 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 379
  25. 2020TransTrack: Multiple Object Tracking with Transformercited by 370
  26. 2020MOT20: A benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenescited by 355
  27. 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 345
  28. 2019Towards Real-Time Multi-Object Trackingcited by 311
  29. 2018CrowdHuman: A Benchmark for Detecting Human in a Crowdcited by 283
  30. 2019Libra R-CNN: Towards Balanced Learning for Object Detectioncited by 255
  31. 2020Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 220
  32. 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
  33. 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
  34. 2017CityPersons: A Diverse Dataset for Pedestrian Detectioncited by 171
  35. 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
  36. 2020TAO: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Tracking Any Objectcited by 146
  37. 2017Detect to Track and Track to Detectcited by 131
  38. 2020STEm-Seg: Spatio-temporal Embeddings for Instance Segmentation in Videoscited by 121

50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 14; 2024: 21; 2025: 14; 2026: 11.

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  1. 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
  2. 2023CTVIS: Consistent Training for Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 50
  3. 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
  4. 2023Iterative Scale-Up ExpansionIoU and Deep Features Association for Multi-Object Tracking in Sportscited by 29
  5. 2023TOPIC: A Parallel Association Paradigm for Multi-Object Tracking under Complex Motions and Diverse Scenescited by 21
  6. 2023Bridging the Gap Between End-to-end and Non-End-to-end Multi-Object Trackingcited by 20
  7. 2024Delving into the Trajectory Long-tail Distribution for Muti-object Trackingcited by 18
  8. 2025SAM2MOT: A Novel Paradigm of Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentationcited by 17
  9. 2023DARTH: Holistic Test-time Adaptation for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 15
  10. 2023Traffic-Domain Video Question Answering with Automatic Captioningcited by 10
  11. 2024FlexEvent: Towards Flexible Event-Frame Object Detection at Varying Operational Frequenciescited by 10
  12. 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
38 more
  1. 2024ETTrack: Enhanced Temporal Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 9
  2. 2024ETAP: Event-based Tracking of Any Pointcited by 9
  3. 2023Video Task Decathlon: Unifying Image and Video Tasks in Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
  4. 2024MambaMOT: State-Space Model as Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
  5. 2023VISAGE: Video Instance Segmentation with Appearance-Guided Enhancementcited by 7
  6. 2023TAO-Amodal: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Object Amodallycited by 7
  7. 2023SpikeMOT: Event-based Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Motion Featurescited by 6
  8. 2024Temporal-Enhanced Multimodal Transformer for Referring Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 6
  9. 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
  10. 2023Advances and Applications of Computer Vision Techniques in Vehicle Trajectory Generation and Surrogate Traffic Safety Indicatorscited by 4
  11. 2024UncertaintyTrack: Exploiting Detection and Localization Uncertainty in Multi-Object Trackingcited by 4
  12. 2024Walker: Self-supervised Multiple Object Tracking by Walking on Temporal Appearance Graphscited by 4
  13. 2024OVT-B: A New Large-Scale Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Trackingcited by 4
  14. 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Object Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey from Foundations to State-of-the-Artcited by 4
  15. 2024Deep HM-SORT: Enhancing Multi-Object Tracking in Sports with Deep Features, Harmonic Mean, and Expansion IOUcited by 3
  16. 2025HybridTrack: A Hybrid Approach for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 3
  17. 2025YOLO11-JDE: Fast and Accurate Multi-Object Tracking with Self-Supervised Re-IDcited by 3
  18. 2025ReaMOT: A Benchmark and Framework for Reasoning-based Multi-Object Trackingcited by 3
  19. 2026Segment Any Events with Languagecited by 3
  20. 2023Tracking Objects with 3D Representation from Videoscited by 2
  21. 2024SFSORT: Scene Features-based Simple Online Real-Time Trackercited by 2
  22. 2024Multi-Granularity Language-Guided Training for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 2
  23. 2024TP-GMOT: Tracking Generic Multiple Object by Textual Prompt with Motion-Appearance Cost (MAC) SORTcited by 2
  24. 2025SportMamba: Adaptive Non-Linear Multi-Object Tracking with State Space Models for Team Sportscited by 2
  25. 2025When Trackers Date Fish: A Benchmark and Framework for Underwater Multiple Fish Trackingcited by 2
  26. 2025Hierarchical Visual Prompt Learning for Continual Video Instance Segmentationcited by 2
  27. 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Trackingcited by 2
  28. 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuitioncited by 2
  29. 2023TrackDiffusion: Tracklet-Conditioned Video Generation via Diffusion Modelscited by 1
  30. 2024AM-SORT: Adaptable Motion Predictor with Historical Trajectory Embedding for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
  31. 2024MAML MOT: Multiple Object Tracking based on Meta-Learningcited by 1
  32. 2024OCTrack: Benchmarking the Open-Corpus Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
  33. 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolationcited by 1
  34. 2024FastTrackTr:Towards Fast Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 1
  35. 2025CRTrack: Low-Light Semi-Supervised Multi-object Tracking Based on Consistency Regularizationcited by 1
  36. 2025UNO: Unifying One-stage Video Scene Graph Generation via Object-Centric Visual Representation Learningcited by 1
  37. 2025From Detection to Association: Learning Discriminative Object Embeddings for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
  38. 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1

50 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)