QDTrack: Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Appearance-Only Multiple Object Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Similarity learning has been recognized as a crucial step for object tracking. However, existing multiple object tracking methods only use sparse ground truth matching as the training objective, while ignoring the majority of the informative regions in images. In this paper, we present Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning, which densely samples hundreds of object regions on a pair of images for contrastive learning. We combine this similarity learning with multiple existing object detectors to build Quasi-Dense Tracking (QDTrack), which does not require displacement regression or motion priors. We find that the resulting distinctive feature space admits a simple nearest neighbor search at inference time for object association. In addition, we show that our similarity learning scheme is not limited to video data, but can learn effective instance similarity even from static input, enabling a competitive tracking performance without training on videos or using tracking supervision. We conduct extensive experiments on a wide variety of popular MOT benchmarks. We find that, despite its simplicity, QDTrack rivals the performance of state-of-the-art tracking methods on all benchmarks and sets a new state-of-the-art on the large-scale BDD100K MOT benchmark, while introducing negligible computational overhead to the detector.
Key facts. Cited by 61 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 68 of its 89 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2022.
Builds on
68 of 89 references.
References · 68
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38 more
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- 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,282
- 2019LVIS: A Dataset for Large Vocabulary Instance Segmentationcited by 1,215
- 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
- 2021YOLOX: Exceeding YOLO Series in 2021cited by 1,064
- 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
- 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2017In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identificationcited by 784
- 2019Learning Representations by Maximizing Mutual Information Across Viewscited by 733
- 2016Performance Measures and a Data Set for Multi-Target, Multi-Camera Trackingcited by 685
- 2019Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 672
- 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
- 2020HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Trackingcited by 546
- 2016MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 531
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2018Simple Baselines for Human Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 502
- 2020FairMOT: On the Fairness of Detection and Re-Identification in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 489
- 2020Tracking Objects as Pointscited by 483
- 2020Circle Loss: A Unified Perspective of Pair Similarity Optimizationcited by 402
- 2019Video Instance Segmentationcited by 391
- 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
- 2019CSPNet: A New Backbone that can Enhance Learning Capability of CNNcited by 381
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 379
- 2020TransTrack: Multiple Object Tracking with Transformercited by 370
- 2020MOT20: A benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenescited by 355
- 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 345
- 2019Towards Real-Time Multi-Object Trackingcited by 311
- 2018CrowdHuman: A Benchmark for Detecting Human in a Crowdcited by 283
- 2019Libra R-CNN: Towards Balanced Learning for Object Detectioncited by 255
- 2020Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 220
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2017CityPersons: A Diverse Dataset for Pedestrian Detectioncited by 171
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
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- 2017Detect to Track and Track to Detectcited by 131
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50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 14; 2024: 21; 2025: 14; 2026: 11.
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- 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
- 2023CTVIS: Consistent Training for Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 50
- 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
- 2023Iterative Scale-Up ExpansionIoU and Deep Features Association for Multi-Object Tracking in Sportscited by 29
- 2023TOPIC: A Parallel Association Paradigm for Multi-Object Tracking under Complex Motions and Diverse Scenescited by 21
- 2023Bridging the Gap Between End-to-end and Non-End-to-end Multi-Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2024Delving into the Trajectory Long-tail Distribution for Muti-object Trackingcited by 18
- 2025SAM2MOT: A Novel Paradigm of Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentationcited by 17
- 2023DARTH: Holistic Test-time Adaptation for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 15
- 2023Traffic-Domain Video Question Answering with Automatic Captioningcited by 10
- 2024FlexEvent: Towards Flexible Event-Frame Object Detection at Varying Operational Frequenciescited by 10
- 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
38 more
- 2024ETTrack: Enhanced Temporal Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 9
- 2024ETAP: Event-based Tracking of Any Pointcited by 9
- 2023Video Task Decathlon: Unifying Image and Video Tasks in Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2024MambaMOT: State-Space Model as Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2023VISAGE: Video Instance Segmentation with Appearance-Guided Enhancementcited by 7
- 2023TAO-Amodal: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Object Amodallycited by 7
- 2023SpikeMOT: Event-based Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Motion Featurescited by 6
- 2024Temporal-Enhanced Multimodal Transformer for Referring Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 6
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
- 2023Advances and Applications of Computer Vision Techniques in Vehicle Trajectory Generation and Surrogate Traffic Safety Indicatorscited by 4
- 2024UncertaintyTrack: Exploiting Detection and Localization Uncertainty in Multi-Object Trackingcited by 4
- 2024Walker: Self-supervised Multiple Object Tracking by Walking on Temporal Appearance Graphscited by 4
- 2024OVT-B: A New Large-Scale Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Trackingcited by 4
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Object Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey from Foundations to State-of-the-Artcited by 4
- 2024Deep HM-SORT: Enhancing Multi-Object Tracking in Sports with Deep Features, Harmonic Mean, and Expansion IOUcited by 3
- 2025HybridTrack: A Hybrid Approach for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2025YOLO11-JDE: Fast and Accurate Multi-Object Tracking with Self-Supervised Re-IDcited by 3
- 2025ReaMOT: A Benchmark and Framework for Reasoning-based Multi-Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2026Segment Any Events with Languagecited by 3
- 2023Tracking Objects with 3D Representation from Videoscited by 2
- 2024SFSORT: Scene Features-based Simple Online Real-Time Trackercited by 2
- 2024Multi-Granularity Language-Guided Training for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2024TP-GMOT: Tracking Generic Multiple Object by Textual Prompt with Motion-Appearance Cost (MAC) SORTcited by 2
- 2025SportMamba: Adaptive Non-Linear Multi-Object Tracking with State Space Models for Team Sportscited by 2
- 2025When Trackers Date Fish: A Benchmark and Framework for Underwater Multiple Fish Trackingcited by 2
- 2025Hierarchical Visual Prompt Learning for Continual Video Instance Segmentationcited by 2
- 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Trackingcited by 2
- 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuitioncited by 2
- 2023TrackDiffusion: Tracklet-Conditioned Video Generation via Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2024AM-SORT: Adaptable Motion Predictor with Historical Trajectory Embedding for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2024MAML MOT: Multiple Object Tracking based on Meta-Learningcited by 1
- 2024OCTrack: Benchmarking the Open-Corpus Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolationcited by 1
- 2024FastTrackTr:Towards Fast Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 1
- 2025CRTrack: Low-Light Semi-Supervised Multi-object Tracking Based on Consistency Regularizationcited by 1
- 2025UNO: Unifying One-stage Video Scene Graph Generation via Object-Centric Visual Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2025From Detection to Association: Learning Discriminative Object Embeddings for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
50 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2026When Fish Look Alike: Tracking Identities with Dual-branch Elasticity29 Jul 2026
- 2026DVPSFormer: Efficient Online Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving28 Jul 2026
- 2026SA-VIS: Sparse frame Annotations for training Video Instance Segmentation18 Jun 2026
- 2026QueST: Persistent Queries as Semantic Monitors for Drift Suppression in Long-Horizon Tracking10 May 2026
- 2026Time-series Meets Complex Motion Modeling: Robust and Computational-effective Motion Predictor for Multi-object Tracking1 May 2026
- 2026SCT-MOT: Enhancing Air-to-Air Multiple UAVs Tracking with Swarm-Coupled Motion and Trajectory Guidance8 Apr 2026
- 2026COVTrack++: Learning Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking from Continuous Videos via a Synergistic Paradigm25 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuition23 Mar 2026
- 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Tracking6 Mar 2026
- 2026Segment Any Events with Language30 Jan 2026
- 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking5 Jan 2026
- 2025From Detection to Association: Learning Discriminative Object Embeddings for Multi-Object Tracking2 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025SOTFormer: A Minimal Transformer for Unified Object Tracking and Trajectory Prediction14 Nov 2025
- 2025From Camera-Based Sensing to Reasoning: A Comprehensive Review Toward Proactive Vulnerable Road User Safety30 Sep 2025
- 2025UNO: Unifying One-stage Video Scene Graph Generation via Object-Centric Visual Representation Learning7 Sep 2025
- 2025SMTrack: End-to-End Trained Spiking Neural Networks for Multi-Object Tracking in RGB Videos20 Aug 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Visual Prompt Learning for Continual Video Instance Segmentation12 Aug 2025
- 2025When Trackers Date Fish: A Benchmark and Framework for Underwater Multiple Fish Tracking8 Jul 2025
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Object Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey from Foundations to State-of-the-Art16 Jun 2025
- 2025SportMamba: Adaptive Non-Linear Multi-Object Tracking with State Space Models for Team Sports3 Jun 2025
- 2025ReaMOT: A Benchmark and Framework for Reasoning-based Multi-Object Tracking26 May 2025
- 2025SAM2MOT: A Novel Paradigm of Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation6 Apr 2025
- 2025CRTrack: Low-Light Semi-Supervised Multi-object Tracking Based on Consistency Regularization24 Feb 2025
- 2025YOLO11-JDE: Fast and Accurate Multi-Object Tracking with Self-Supervised Re-ID23 Jan 2025
- 2025HybridTrack: A Hybrid Approach for Robust Multi-Object Tracking2 Jan 2025
- 2024FlexEvent: Towards Flexible Event-Frame Object Detection at Varying Operational Frequencies9 Dec 2024
- 2024ETAP: Event-based Tracking of Any Point28 Nov 2024
- 2024FastTrackTr:Towards Fast Multi-Object Tracking with Transformers24 Nov 2024
- 2024OVT-B: A New Large-Scale Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking23 Oct 2024
- 2024Temporal-Enhanced Multimodal Transformer for Referring Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation17 Oct 2024
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2024Walker: Self-supervised Multiple Object Tracking by Walking on Temporal Appearance Graphs25 Sep 2024
- 2024TP-GMOT: Tracking Generic Multiple Object by Textual Prompt with Motion-Appearance Cost (MAC) SORT4 Sep 2024
- 2024OCTrack: Benchmarking the Open-Corpus Multi-Object Tracking19 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensors10 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep HM-SORT: Enhancing Multi-Object Tracking in Sports with Deep Features, Harmonic Mean, and Expansion IOU17 Jun 2024
- 2024Multi-Granularity Language-Guided Training for Multi-Object Tracking7 Jun 2024
- 2024ETTrack: Enhanced Temporal Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Tracking24 May 2024
- 2024MAML MOT: Multiple Object Tracking based on Meta-Learning12 May 2024
- 2024SFSORT: Scene Features-based Simple Online Real-Time Tracker11 Apr 2024
- 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Tracking22 Mar 2024
- 2024MambaMOT: State-Space Model as Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Tracking16 Mar 2024
- 2024Delving into the Trajectory Long-tail Distribution for Muti-object Tracking7 Mar 2024
- 2024MapTrack: Tracking in the Map20 Feb 2024
- 2024UncertaintyTrack: Exploiting Detection and Localization Uncertainty in Multi-Object Tracking19 Feb 2024
- 2024AM-SORT: Adaptable Motion Predictor with Historical Trajectory Embedding for Multi-Object Tracking25 Jan 2024
- 2023TAO-Amodal: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Object Amodally19 Dec 2023
- 2023VISAGE: Video Instance Segmentation with Appearance-Guided Enhancement8 Dec 2023
- 2023TrackDiffusion: Tracklet-Conditioned Video Generation via Diffusion Models1 Dec 2023
- 2023DARTH: Holistic Test-time Adaptation for Multiple Object Tracking3 Oct 2023
50 newest of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolationcited by 1
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
- 2023CTVIS: Consistent Training for Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 50
- 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
- 2023Iterative Scale-Up ExpansionIoU and Deep Features Association for Multi-Object Tracking in Sportscited by 29
- 2023TOPIC: A Parallel Association Paradigm for Multi-Object Tracking under Complex Motions and Diverse Scenescited by 21
- 2023Bridging the Gap Between End-to-end and Non-End-to-end Multi-Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2024Delving into the Trajectory Long-tail Distribution for Muti-object Trackingcited by 18
- 2025SAM2MOT: A Novel Paradigm of Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentationcited by 17
- 2023DARTH: Holistic Test-time Adaptation for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 15
- 2024FlexEvent: Towards Flexible Event-Frame Object Detection at Varying Operational Frequenciescited by 10
- 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
- 2024ETTrack: Enhanced Temporal Motion Predictor for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 9
12 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026When Fish Look Alike: Tracking Identities with Dual-branch Elasticity29 Jul 2026
- 2026DVPSFormer: Efficient Online Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving28 Jul 2026
- 2026SA-VIS: Sparse frame Annotations for training Video Instance Segmentation18 Jun 2026
- 2026QueST: Persistent Queries as Semantic Monitors for Drift Suppression in Long-Horizon Tracking10 May 2026
- 2026Time-series Meets Complex Motion Modeling: Robust and Computational-effective Motion Predictor for Multi-object Tracking1 May 2026
- 2026SCT-MOT: Enhancing Air-to-Air Multiple UAVs Tracking with Swarm-Coupled Motion and Trajectory Guidance8 Apr 2026
- 2026COVTrack++: Learning Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking from Continuous Videos via a Synergistic Paradigm25 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuition23 Mar 2026
- 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Tracking6 Mar 2026
- 2026Segment Any Events with Language30 Jan 2026
- 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking5 Jan 2026
- 2025From Detection to Association: Learning Discriminative Object Embeddings for Multi-Object Tracking2 Dec 2025
12 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)