mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

General Object Foundation Model for Images and Videos at Scale

arXiv 2312.09158 ↗First posted 14 Dec 2023cs.CVcited by 71

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present GLEE in this work, an object-level foundation model for locating and identifying objects in images and videos. Through a unified framework, GLEE accomplishes detection, segmentation, tracking, grounding, and identification of arbitrary objects in the open world scenario for various object perception tasks. Adopting a cohesive learning strategy, GLEE acquires knowledge from diverse data sources with varying supervision levels to formulate general object representations, excelling in zero-shot transfer to new data and tasks. Specifically, we employ an image encoder, text encoder, and visual prompter to handle multi-modal inputs, enabling to simultaneously solve various object-centric downstream tasks while maintaining state-of-the-art performance. Demonstrated through extensive training on over five million images from diverse benchmarks, GLEE exhibits remarkable versatility and improved generalization performance, efficiently tackling downstream tasks without the need for task-specific adaptation. By integrating large volumes of automatically labeled data, we further enhance its zero-shot generalization capabilities. Additionally, GLEE is capable of being integrated into Large Language Models, serving as a foundational model to provide universal object-level information for multi-modal tasks. We hope that the versatility and universality of our method will mark a significant step in the development of efficient visual foundation models for AGI systems. The model and code will be released at https://glee-vision.github.io .

Key facts. Cited by 71 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 119 of its 137 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Dec 2023.

Builds on

119 of 137 references.

References · 119

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  12. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
38 more
  1. 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,339
  2. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  3. 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
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  8. 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 3,961
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50 most cited of 119 All 119 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 27; 2025: 23; 2026: 20.

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  1. 2024VisionLLM v2: An End-to-End Generalist Multimodal Large Language Model for Hundreds of Vision-Language Taskscited by 136
  2. 2024Grounding DINO 1.5: Advance the "Edge" of Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 122
  3. 2024Groma: Localized Visual Tokenization for Grounding Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 118
  4. 2024PSALM: Pixelwise SegmentAtion with Large Multi-Modal Modelcited by 100
  5. 2024DINO-X: A Unified Vision Model for Open-World Object Detection and Understandingcited by 85
  6. 2024Visual Prompting in Multimodal Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 52
  7. 2024Foundation Models for Video Understanding: A Surveycited by 46
  8. 2024ImageNet3D: Towards General-Purpose Object-Level 3D Understandingcited by 25
  9. 2023UniRef++: Segment Every Reference Object in Spatial and Temporal Spacescited by 22
  10. 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Surveycited by 22
  11. 2024Interpreting Object-level Foundation Models via Visual Precision Searchcited by 20
  12. 2024From Training-Free to Adaptive: Empirical Insights into MLLMs' Understanding of Detection Informationcited by 16
38 more
  1. 2024PartGLEE: A Foundation Model for Recognizing and Parsing Any Objectscited by 15
  2. 2024ReferEverything: Towards Segmenting Everything We Can Speak of in Videoscited by 10
  3. 2025Percept-WAM: Perception-Enhanced World-Awareness-Action Model for Robust End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
  4. 2024SLAck: Semantic, Location, and Appearance Aware Open-Vocabulary Trackingcited by 7
  5. 2024Ego3DT: Tracking Every 3D Object in Ego-centric Videoscited by 7
  6. 2025The SA-FARI Dataset: Segment Anything in Footage of Animals for Recognition and Identificationcited by 6
  7. 2024Associate Everything Detected: Facilitating Tracking-by-Detection to the Unknowncited by 5
  8. 2024Towards Real-Time Open-Vocabulary Video Instance Segmentationcited by 5
  9. 2025B'ezierGS: Dynamic Urban Scene Reconstruction with B'ezier Curve Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
  10. 2025LIRA: Inferring Segmentation in Large Multi-modal Models with Local Interleaved Region Assistancecited by 5
  11. 2024Street Gaussians without 3D Object Trackercited by 4
  12. 2024Olympus: A Universal Task Router for Computer Vision Taskscited by 4
  13. 2025ReVision: Refining Video Diffusion with Explicit 3D Motion Modelingcited by 4
  14. 2025Latest Object Memory Management for Temporally Consistent Video Instance Segmentationcited by 4
  15. 2025Evaluating SAM2 for Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 4
  16. 2025Evolving, Not Training: Zero-Shot Reasoning Segmentation via Evolutionary Promptingcited by 4
  17. 2024CloudTrack: Scalable UAV Tracking with Cloud Semanticscited by 3
  18. 2024Synthetica: Large Scale Synthetic Data for Robot Perceptioncited by 3
  19. 2024UniPLV: Towards Label-Efficient Open-World 3D Scene Understanding by Regional Visual Language Supervisioncited by 3
  20. 2025VoCap: Video Object Captioning and Segmentation from Any Promptcited by 3
  21. 2026PET-DINO: Unifying Visual Cues into Grounding DINO with Prompt-Enriched Trainingcited by 3
  22. 2026Bridging Time and Space: Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Alignment for Video Groundingcited by 3
  23. 20242nd Place Solution for MeViS Track in CVPR 2024 PVUW Workshop: Motion Expression guided Video Segmentationcited by 2
  24. 2026SAM3-LiteText: An Anatomical Study of the SAM3 Text Encoder for Efficient Vision-Language Segmentationcited by 2
  25. 2026Scaling Dense Event-Stream Pretraining from Visual Foundation Modelscited by 2
  26. 2026A Closer Look at Cross-Domain Few-Shot Object Detection: Fine-Tuning Matters and Parallel Decoder Helpscited by 2
  27. 2026SetCon: Towards Open-Ended Referring Segmentation via Set-Level Concept Predictioncited by 2
  28. 2026WorldSculpt: Generating Compositional Worlds from Grounded Videoscited by 2
  29. 2024MonoDETRNext: Next-Generation Accurate and Efficient Monocular 3D Object Detectorcited by 1
  30. 2024Safety Without Semantic Disruptions: Editing-free Safe Image Generation via Context-preserving Dual Latent Reconstructioncited by 1
  31. 2024Multi-Granularity Video Object Segmentationcited by 1
  32. 2025REF-VLM: Triplet-Based Referring Paradigm for Unified Visual Decodingcited by 1
  33. 2025CQ-DINO: Mitigating Gradient Dilution via Category Queries for Vast Vocabulary Object Detectioncited by 1
  34. 2025MOBIUS: Big-to-Mobile Universal Instance Segmentation via Multi-modal Bottleneck Fusion and Calibrated Decoder Pruningcited by 1
  35. 2025ImagineNav++: Prompting Vision-Language Models as Embodied Navigator through Scene Imaginationcited by 1
  36. 2025Schr"odinger's Navigator: Imagining an Ensemble of Futures for Zero-Shot Object Navigationcited by 1
  37. 2026HCAG: Hierarchical Abstraction and Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Theoretical Repositories with LLMscited by 1
  38. 2026Robust Onion: Peeling Open Vocab Object Detectors Under Noisecited by 1

50 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)