mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Audiobox: Unified Audio Generation with Natural Language Prompts

arXiv 2312.15821 ↗First posted 25 Dec 2023cs.SD cs.LG eess.AScited by 120

On the map: Diffusion models → Audio, speech and music

Abstract (arXiv)

Audio is an essential part of our life, but creating it often requires expertise and is time-consuming. Research communities have made great progress over the past year advancing the performance of large scale audio generative models for a single modality (speech, sound, or music) through adopting more powerful generative models and scaling data. However, these models lack controllability in several aspects: speech generation models cannot synthesize novel styles based on text description and are limited on domain coverage such as outdoor environments; sound generation models only provide coarse-grained control based on descriptions like "a person speaking" and would only generate mumbling human voices. This paper presents Audiobox, a unified model based on flow-matching that is capable of generating various audio modalities. We design description-based and example-based prompting to enhance controllability and unify speech and sound generation paradigms. We allow transcript, vocal, and other audio styles to be controlled independently when generating speech. To improve model generalization with limited labels, we adapt a self-supervised infilling objective to pre-train on large quantities of unlabeled audio. Audiobox sets new benchmarks on speech and sound generation (0.745 similarity on Librispeech for zero-shot TTS; 0.77 FAD on AudioCaps for text-to-sound) and unlocks new methods for generating audio with novel vocal and acoustic styles. We further integrate Bespoke Solvers, which speeds up generation by over 25 times compared to the default ODE solver for flow-matching, without loss of performance on several tasks. Our demo is available at https://audiobox.metademolab.com/

Key facts. Cited by 120 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Audio, speech and music, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 60 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Dec 2023.

Builds on

60 of 77 references.

Closest ancestors · 11

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Generative Pre-training for Speech with Flow Matching25 Oct
  2. 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretraining10 Aug
  3. 2023JEN-1: Text-Guided Universal Music Generation with Omnidirectional Diffusion Models9 Aug
  4. 2023Text-to-Audio Generation using Instruction-Tuned LLM and Latent Diffusion Model24 Apr
  5. 2023NaturalSpeech 2: Latent Diffusion Models are Natural and Zero-Shot Speech and Singing Synthesizers18 Apr
  6. 2023AUDIT: Audio Editing by Following Instructions with Latent Diffusion Models3 Apr
  7. 2023Noise2Music: Text-conditioned Music Generation with Diffusion Models8 Feb
  8. 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan
  9. 2023AudioLDM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Diffusion Models29 Jan
  10. 2023Mousai: Text-to-Music Generation with Long-Context Latent Diffusion27 Jan
  11. 2022Diffsound: Discrete Diffusion Model for Text-to-sound Generation20 Jul

Other references · 49

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  3. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
  4. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
  5. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
  6. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  7. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  8. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  9. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,585
  10. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,847
  11. 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,702
  12. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,905
37 more
  1. 2018Neural Ordinary Differential Equationscited by 3,779
  2. 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,970
  3. 2021HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Unitscited by 2,342
  4. 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,657
  5. 2019Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpuscited by 1,384
  6. 2020HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 1,154
  7. 2021Train Short, Test Long: Attention with Linear Biases Enables Input Length Extrapolationcited by 1,103
  8. 2017Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictionscited by 804
  9. 2021SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codeccited by 771
  10. 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 752
  11. 2022Large-scale Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining with Feature Fusion and Keyword-to-Caption Augmentationcited by 719
  12. 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 717
  13. 2022High Fidelity Neural Audio Compressioncited by 687
  14. 2019LibriTTS: A Corpus Derived from LibriSpeech for Text-to-Speechcited by 649
  15. 2019PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognitioncited by 574
  16. 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 488
  17. 2020MLS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Speech Researchcited by 476
  18. 2019Libri-Light: A Benchmark for ASR with Limited or No Supervisioncited by 467
  19. 2023MusicLM: Generating Music From Textcited by 448
  20. 2023The Stable Signature: Rooting Watermarks in Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 304
  21. 2022AudioGen: Textually Guided Audio Generationcited by 295
  22. 2022BigVGAN: A Universal Neural Vocoder with Large-Scale Trainingcited by 251
  23. 2018Adversarial Audio Synthesiscited by 225
  24. 2022HTS-AT: A Hierarchical Token-Semantic Audio Transformer for Sound Classification and Detectioncited by 176
  25. 2023Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modelingcited by 167
  26. 2020FastPitch: Parallel Text-to-speech with Pitch Predictioncited by 151
  27. 2023UniAudio: An Audio Foundation Model Toward Universal Audio Generationcited by 127
  28. 2023SoundStorm: Efficient Parallel Audio Generationcited by 114
  29. 2023Powerset multi-class cross entropy loss for neural speaker diarizationcited by 111
  30. 2022PromptTTS: Controllable Text-to-Speech with Text Descriptionscited by 110
  31. 2023EXPRESSO: A Benchmark and Analysis of Discrete Expressive Speech Resynthesiscited by 98
  32. 2018Hierarchical Generative Modeling for Controllable Speech Synthesiscited by 93
  33. 2023InstructTTS: Modelling Expressive TTS in Discrete Latent Space with Natural Language Style Promptcited by 92
  34. 2023TorchAudio-Squim: Reference-less Speech Quality and Intelligibility measures in TorchAudiocited by 59
  35. 2023PromptTTS 2: Describing and Generating Voices with Text Promptcited by 48
  36. 2023Separate Anything You Describecited by 43
  37. 2023Bespoke Solvers for Generative Flow Modelscited by 37

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 47; 2025: 38; 2026: 35.

120 papers.

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  1. 2024Adjoint Matching: Fine-tuning Flow and Diffusion Generative Models with Memoryless Stochastic Optimal Controlcited by 233
  2. 2024Fast Timing-Conditioned Latent Audio Diffusioncited by 181
  3. 2026Cosmos 3: Omnimodal World Models for Physical AIcited by 165
  4. 2024VALL-E 2: Neural Codec Language Models are Human Parity Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 122
  5. 2025Spark-TTS: An Efficient LLM-Based Text-to-Speech Model with Single-Stream Decoupled Speech Tokenscited by 113
  6. 2024Proactive Detection of Voice Cloning with Localized Watermarkingcited by 78
  7. 2024Natural language guidance of high-fidelity text-to-speech with synthetic annotationscited by 67
  8. 2024Autoregressive Speech Synthesis without Vector Quantizationcited by 65
  9. 2024Flow Matching with General Discrete Paths: A Kinetic-Optimal Perspectivecited by 57
  10. 2024Frieren: Efficient Video-to-Audio Generation Network with Rectified Flow Matchingcited by 53
  11. 2025FUDOKI: Discrete Flow-based Unified Understanding and Generation via Kinetic-Optimal Velocitiescited by 46
  12. 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Surveycited by 37
38 more
  1. 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
  2. 2024DiTTo-TTS: Diffusion Transformers for Scalable Text-to-Speech without Domain-Specific Factorscited by 32
  3. 2024EzAudio: Enhancing Text-to-Audio Generation with Efficient Diffusion Transformercited by 31
  4. 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generationcited by 28
  5. 2024Revisiting Reliability in Large-Scale Machine Learning Research Clusterscited by 28
  6. 2024Wasserstein Flow Matching: Generative modeling over families of distributionscited by 28
  7. 2024Both Ears Wide Open: Towards Language-Driven Spatial Audio Generationcited by 25
  8. 2024FlashSpeech: Efficient Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 24
  9. 2024LAFMA: A Latent Flow Matching Model for Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 24
  10. 2025T2AV-Compass: Towards Unified Evaluation for Text-to-Audio-Video Generationcited by 24
  11. 2024Towards Controllable Speech Synthesis in the Era of Large Language Models: A Systematic Surveycited by 23
  12. 2024AV-Link: Temporally-Aligned Diffusion Features for Cross-Modal Audio-Video Generationcited by 22
  13. 2024FlowSep: Language-Queried Sound Separation with Rectified Flow Matchingcited by 21
  14. 2024SpeechCraft: A Fine-grained Expressive Speech Dataset with Natural Language Descriptioncited by 20
  15. 2024FlashAudio: Rectified Flows for Fast and High-Fidelity Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 19
  16. 2025Scaling Rich Style-Prompted Text-to-Speech Datasetscited by 19
  17. 2024Prompt-guided Precise Audio Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 18
  18. 2025FLowHigh: Towards Efficient and High-Quality Audio Super-Resolution with Single-Step Flow Matchingcited by 18
  19. 2024ControlSpeech: Towards Simultaneous and Independent Zero-shot Speaker Cloning and Zero-shot Language Style Controlcited by 17
  20. 2024SimpleSpeech 2: Towards Simple and Efficient Text-to-Speech with Flow-based Scalar Latent Transformer Diffusion Modelscited by 17
  21. 2024ETTA: Elucidating the Design Space of Text-to-Audio Modelscited by 17
  22. 2025OmniAudio: Generating Spatial Audio from 360-Degree Videocited by 17
  23. 2025TASTE: Text-Aligned Speech Tokenization and Embedding for Spoken Language Modelingcited by 16
  24. 2024LibriTTS-P: A Corpus with Speaking Style and Speaker Identity Prompts for Text-to-Speech and Style Captioningcited by 15
  25. 2024VMAS: Video-to-Music Generation via Semantic Alignment in Web Music Videoscited by 15
  26. 2024MusicFlow: Cascaded Flow Matching for Text Guided Music Generationcited by 15
  27. 2024High Fidelity Text-Guided Music Editing via Single-Stage Flow Matchingcited by 13
  28. 2024Making Flow-Matching-Based Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Laugh as You Likecited by 11
  29. 2024Where are we in audio deepfake detection? A systematic analysis over generative and detection modelscited by 11
  30. 2025Video Latent Flow Matching: Optimal Polynomial Projections for Video Interpolation and Extrapolationcited by 11
  31. 2025CoVoMix2: Advancing Zero-Shot Dialogue Generation with Fully Non-Autoregressive Flow Matchingcited by 11
  32. 2025CapSpeech: Enabling Downstream Applications in Style-Captioned Text-to-Speechcited by 11
  33. 2025FlowerDance: MeanFlow for Efficient and Refined 3D Dance Generationcited by 11
  34. 2024VoiceDiT: Dual-Condition Diffusion Transformer for Environment-Aware Speech Synthesiscited by 10
  35. 2025TARO: Timestep-Adaptive Representation Alignment with Onset-Aware Conditioning for Synchronized Video-to-Audio Synthesiscited by 10
  36. 2024Bayesian Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Overcoming Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 9
  37. 2024Voice Attribute Editing with Text Promptcited by 9
  38. 2025Symmetrical Flow Matching: Unified Image Generation, Segmentation, and Classification with Score-Based Generative Modelscited by 8

50 most cited of 120 All 120 (JSON)

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  3. 2024AudioComposer: Towards Fine-grained Audio Generation with Natural Language Descriptions
  4. 2023Audio Generation with Multiple Conditional Diffusion Model
  5. 2025Audio Palette: A Diffusion Transformer with Multi-Signal Conditioning for Controllable Foley Synthesis
  6. 2026Audio-Omni: Extending Multi-modal Understanding to Versatile Audio Generation and Editing
  7. 2026Bagpiper: Solving Open-Ended Audio Tasks via Rich Captions
  8. 2026AuK Technical Report: An Open-Source Foundational Model for Speech Generation and Editing