mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

FlashSpeech: Efficient Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis

arXiv 2404.14700 ↗First posted 23 Apr 2024eess.AS cs.AI cs.CLcited by 22

On the map: Diffusion models → Audio, speech and music

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent progress in large-scale zero-shot speech synthesis has been significantly advanced by language models and diffusion models. However, the generation process of both methods is slow and computationally intensive. Efficient speech synthesis using a lower computing budget to achieve quality on par with previous work remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we present FlashSpeech, a large-scale zero-shot speech synthesis system with approximately 5% of the inference time compared with previous work. FlashSpeech is built on the latent consistency model and applies a novel adversarial consistency training approach that can train from scratch without the need for a pre-trained diffusion model as the teacher. Furthermore, a new prosody generator module enhances the diversity of prosody, making the rhythm of the speech sound more natural. The generation processes of FlashSpeech can be achieved efficiently with one or two sampling steps while maintaining high audio quality and high similarity to the audio prompt for zero-shot speech generation. Our experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of FlashSpeech. Notably, FlashSpeech can be about 20 times faster than other zero-shot speech synthesis systems while maintaining comparable performance in terms of voice quality and similarity. Furthermore, FlashSpeech demonstrates its versatility by efficiently performing tasks like voice conversion, speech editing, and diverse speech sampling. Audio samples can be found in https://flashspeech.github.io/.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Audio, speech and music, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 50 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Apr 2024.

Builds on

50 of 68 references.

Closest ancestors · 12

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024CM-TTS: Enhancing Real Time Text-to-Speech Synthesis Efficiency through Weighted Samplers and Consistency Models31 Mar
  2. 2024CoMoSVC: Consistency Model-based Singing Voice Conversion3 Jan
  3. 2023Audiobox: Unified Audio Generation with Natural Language Prompts25 Dec
  4. 2023ReFlow-TTS: A Rectified Flow Model for High-fidelity Text-to-Speech29 Sep
  5. 2023StyleTTS 2: Towards Human-Level Text-to-Speech through Style Diffusion and Adversarial Training with Large Speech Language Models13 Jun
  6. 2023DDDM-VC: Decoupled Denoising Diffusion Models with Disentangled Representation and Prior Mixup for Verified Robust Voice Conversion25 May
  7. 2023FluentSpeech: Stutter-Oriented Automatic Speech Editing with Context-Aware Diffusion Models23 May
  8. 2023CoMoSpeech: One-Step Speech and Singing Voice Synthesis via Consistency Model11 May
  9. 2023NaturalSpeech 2: Latent Diffusion Models are Natural and Zero-Shot Speech and Singing Synthesizers18 Apr
  10. 2021Diffusion-Based Voice Conversion with Fast Maximum Likelihood Sampling Scheme28 Sep
  11. 2021Grad-TTS: A Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Text-to-Speech13 May
  12. 2021Diff-TTS: A Denoising Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speech3 Apr

Other references · 38

  1. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  2. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
  3. 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
  4. 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Modelscited by 2,994
  5. 2021HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Unitscited by 2,301
  6. 2023Consistency Modelscited by 1,778
  7. 2016WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audiocited by 1,710
  8. 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,609
  9. 2023Latent Consistency Models: Synthesizing High-Resolution Images with Few-Step Inferencecited by 826
  10. 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 737
  11. 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 710
  12. 2016Weight Normalization: A Simple Reparameterization to Accelerate Training of Deep Neural Networkscited by 541
26 more
  1. 2017Tacotron: Towards End-to-End Speech Synthesiscited by 487
  2. 2020MLS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Speech Researchcited by 467
  3. 2023Consistency Trajectory Models: Learning Probability Flow ODE Trajectory of Diffusioncited by 448
  4. 2021Diffusion Autoencoders: Toward a Meaningful and Decodable Representationcited by 447
  5. 2022Sampling is as easy as learning the score: theory for diffusion models with minimal data assumptionscited by 440
  6. 2023Improved Techniques for Training Consistency Modelscited by 430
  7. 2021GigaSpeech: An Evolving, Multi-domain ASR Corpus with 10,000 Hours of Transcribed Audiocited by 391
  8. 2022UTMOS: UTokyo-SaruLab System for VoiceMOS Challenge 2022cited by 381
  9. 2023Voicebox: Text-Guided Multilingual Universal Speech Generation at Scalecited by 373
  10. 2021YourTTS: Towards Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker TTS and Zero-Shot Voice Conversion for everyonecited by 277
  11. 2018cGANs with Projection Discriminatorcited by 253
  12. 2021WenetSpeech: A 10000+ Hours Multi-domain Mandarin Corpus for Speech Recognitioncited by 189
  13. 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 182
  14. 2023Speak, Read and Prompt: High-Fidelity Text-to-Speech with Minimal Supervisioncited by 167
  15. 2023Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modelingcited by 166
  16. 2023UniAudio: An Audio Foundation Model Toward Universal Audio Generationcited by 127
  17. 2024VoiceCraft: Zero-Shot Speech Editing and Text-to-Speech in the Wildcited by 118
  18. 2023LibriTTS-R: A Restored Multi-Speaker Text-to-Speech Corpuscited by 100
  19. 2023Mega-TTS: Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech at Scale with Intrinsic Inductive Biascited by 51
  20. 2019Generating Synthetic Audio Data for Attention-Based Speech Recognition Systemscited by 46
  21. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Knowledge Distillation of Diffusion Modelscited by 45
  22. 2023Mega-TTS 2: Boosting Prompting Mechanisms for Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 41
  23. 2024CLaM-TTS: Improving Neural Codec Language Model for Zero-Shot Text-to-Speechcited by 37
  24. 2022Revisiting Over-Smoothness in Text to Speechcited by 31
  25. 2019Token-Level Ensemble Distillation for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversioncited by 26
  26. 2024MobileSpeech: A Fast and High-Fidelity Framework for Mobile Zero-Shot Text-to-Speechcited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 10; 2025: 10; 2026: 2.

22 papers.

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  1. 2025Spark-TTS: An Efficient LLM-Based Text-to-Speech Model with Single-Stream Decoupled Speech Tokenscited by 109
  2. 2025ZipVoice: Fast and High-Quality Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech with Flow Matchingcited by 30
  3. 2024Towards Controllable Speech Synthesis in the Era of Large Language Models: A Systematic Surveycited by 22
  4. 2024FlashAudio: Rectified Flows for Fast and High-Fidelity Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 19
  5. 2024Where are we in audio deepfake detection? A systematic analysis over generative and detection modelscited by 11
  6. 2025Prosody-Enhanced Acoustic Pre-training and Acoustic-Disentangled Prosody Adapting for Movie Dubbingcited by 9
  7. 2024E1 TTS: Simple and Fast Non-Autoregressive TTScited by 7
  8. 2024StyleTTS-ZS: Efficient High-Quality Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Distilled Time-Varying Style Diffusioncited by 6
  9. 2024DMOSpeech: Direct Metric Optimization via Distilled Diffusion Model in Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 5
  10. 2025Accelerating Flow-Matching-Based Text-to-Speech via Empirically Pruned Step Samplingcited by 5
  11. 2024Accelerating High-Fidelity Waveform Generation via Adversarial Flow Matching Optimizationcited by 4
  12. 2025Voice Cloning: Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
10 more
  1. 2025Inference-time Scaling for Diffusion-based Audio Super-resolutioncited by 3
  2. 2025Towards Flow-Matching-based TTS without Classifier-Free Guidancecited by 2
  3. 2025APG-MOS: Auditory Perception Guided-MOS Predictor for Synthetic Speechcited by 2
  4. 2025AudioTurbo: Fast Text-to-Audio Generation with Rectified Diffusioncited by 2
  5. 2024Can DeepFake Speech be Reliably Detected?cited by 1
  6. 2024EmoSpeech: A Corpus of Emotionally Rich and Contextually Detailed Speech Annotationscited by 1
  7. 2025UniVoice: Unifying Autoregressive ASR and Flow-Matching based TTS with Large Language Modelscited by 1
  8. 2024Advancing Music Therapy: Integrating Eastern Five-Element Music Theory and Western Techniques with AI in the Novel Five-Element Harmony Systemcited by 0
  9. 2026RIVET: Robust Idempotent Voice Attribute Editingcited by 0
  10. 2026Robust Workflow Generation via Adversarial Learning for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Towards Expressive Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis with Hierarchical Prosody Modeling
  2. 2024Improving Robustness of Diffusion-Based Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis via Stable Formant Generation
  3. 2026CuteTTS: Efficient and High-Quality Speech Synthesis via Autoregressive Modeling of Continuous Latents
  4. 2025Rhythm Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Shortcut Flow Matching
  5. 2025Flamed-TTS: Flow Matching Attention-Free Models for Efficient Generating and Dynamic Pacing Zero-shot Text-to-Speech
  6. 2024Zero-shot Voice Conversion with Diffusion Transformers
  7. 2025OZSpeech: One-step Zero-shot Speech Synthesis with Learned-Prior-Conditioned Flow Matching
  8. 2025ECTSpeech: Enhancing Efficient Speech Synthesis via Easy Consistency Tuning