PromptTTS 2: Describing and Generating Voices with Text Prompt
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Abstract (arXiv)
Speech conveys more information than text, as the same word can be uttered in various voices to convey diverse information. Compared to traditional text-to-speech (TTS) methods relying on speech prompts (reference speech) for voice variability, using text prompts (descriptions) is more user-friendly since speech prompts can be hard to find or may not exist at all. TTS approaches based on the text prompt face two main challenges: 1) the one-to-many problem, where not all details about voice variability can be described in the text prompt, and 2) the limited availability of text prompt datasets, where vendors and large cost of data labeling are required to write text prompts for speech. In this work, we introduce PromptTTS 2 to address these challenges with a variation network to provide variability information of voice not captured by text prompts, and a prompt generation pipeline to utilize the large language models (LLM) to compose high quality text prompts. Specifically, the variation network predicts the representation extracted from the reference speech (which contains full information about voice variability) based on the text prompt representation. For the prompt generation pipeline, it generates text prompts for speech with a speech language understanding model to recognize voice attributes (e.g., gender, speed) from speech and a large language model to formulate text prompts based on the recognition results. Experiments on a large-scale (44K hours) speech dataset demonstrate that compared to the previous works, PromptTTS 2 generates voices more consistent with text prompts and supports the sampling of diverse voice variability, thereby offering users more choices on voice generation. Additionally, the prompt generation pipeline produces high-quality text prompts, eliminating the large labeling cost. The demo page of PromptTTS 2 is available online.
Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2023.
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52 of 57 references.
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- 2020Seen and Unseen emotional style transfer for voice conversion with a new emotional speech datasetcited by 119
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- 2022PromptTTS: Controllable Text-to-Speech with Text Descriptionscited by 106
- 2021AdaSpeech: Adaptive Text to Speech for Custom Voicecited by 98
- 2023InstructTTS: Modelling Expressive TTS in Discrete Latent Space with Natural Language Style Promptcited by 90
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- 2023PromptStyle: Controllable Style Transfer for Text-to-Speech with Natural Language Descriptionscited by 33
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50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 17; 2025: 15; 2026: 12.
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- 2023Audiobox: Unified Audio Generation with Natural Language Promptscited by 120
- 2026Qwen3-TTS Technical Reportcited by 106
- 2024WavChat: A Survey of Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 88
- 2024Natural language guidance of high-fidelity text-to-speech with synthetic annotationscited by 66
- 2025Algorithm Discovery With LLMs: Evolutionary Search Meets Reinforcement Learningcited by 39
- 2023HierSpeech++: Bridging the Gap between Semantic and Acoustic Representation of Speech by Hierarchical Variational Inference for Zero-shot Speech Synthesiscited by 35
- 2025EmoVoice: LLM-based Emotional Text-To-Speech Model with Freestyle Text Promptingcited by 33
- 2024SpeechCraft: A Fine-grained Expressive Speech Dataset with Natural Language Descriptioncited by 20
- 2024ControlSpeech: Towards Simultaneous and Independent Zero-shot Speaker Cloning and Zero-shot Language Style Controlcited by 17
- 2025Scaling Rich Style-Prompted Text-to-Speech Datasetscited by 17
- 2024CoVoMix: Advancing Zero-Shot Speech Generation for Human-like Multi-talker Conversationscited by 15
- 2024Talk With Human-like Agents: Empathetic Dialogue Through Perceptible Acoustic Reception and Reactioncited by 13
35 more
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- 2024Voice Attribute Editing with Text Promptcited by 9
- 2024Controlling Emotion in Text-to-Speech with Natural Language Promptscited by 8
- 2024Affective Computing Has Changed: The Foundation Model Disruptioncited by 7
- 2026WavBench: Benchmarking Reasoning, Colloquialism, and Paralinguistics for End-to-End Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 5
- 2024Description-based Controllable Text-to-Speech with Cross-Lingual Voice Controlcited by 4
- 2025Gender Bias in Instruction-Guided Speech Synthesis Modelscited by 4
- 2024Expressivity and Speech Synthesiscited by 3
- 2024Enhancing Emotional Text-to-Speech Controllability with Natural Language Guidance through Contrastive Learning and Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025RASMALAI: Resources for Adaptive Speech Modeling in Indian Languages with Accents and Intonationscited by 3
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- 2025MoE-TTS: Enhancing Out-of-Domain Text Understanding for Description-based TTS via Mixture-of-Expertscited by 2
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesiscited by 2
- 2024Can DeepFake Speech be Reliably Detected?cited by 1
- 2025MPE-TTS: Customized Emotion Zero-Shot Text-To-Speech Using Multi-Modal Promptcited by 1
- 2025HiStyle: Hierarchical Style Embedding Predictor for Text-Prompt-Guided Controllable Speech Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025U-Codec: Ultra Low Frame-rate Neural Speech Codec for Fast High-fidelity Speech Generationcited by 1
- 2026Unlocking Fine-Grained and Within-Utterance Speaking Style Control in Prompt-Based Text-to-Speech Modelscited by 1
- 2026VoiceDesigner: Text-to-Voice Generation and Editing via Unified Diffusion Modeling and Data Augmentationcited by 1
- 2023Towards Joint Modeling of Dialogue Response and Speech Synthesis based on Large Language Modelcited by 0
- 2024S2Cap: A Benchmark and a Baseline for Singing Style Captioningcited by 0
- 2024Word-wise intonation model for cross-language TTS systemscited by 0
- 2025Expressive Speech Retrieval using Natural Language Descriptions of Speaking Stylecited by 0
- 2026Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Video Translation: A Role-Oriented Surveycited by 0
- 2026EmoTransCap: Dataset and Pipeline for Emotion Transition-Aware Speech Captioning in Discoursescited by 0
- 2026Poly-InstructTTS: Learning In-the-Wild Expressive Speech Synthesis from Open-Ended Instructionscited by 0
- 2026Sequential Trajectories and Simultaneous Blending: Multi-Emotion Modeling for Instruction-Following TTScited by 0
- 2026Scalable Direction-Following TTS via Voice Impression-Guided Pseudo Triplet Constructioncited by 0
- 2026SCIC: Scope- and Codebook-Aware Instruction Conditioning for Speaker-Adapted Expressive TTScited by 0
- 2026SCIC: Scope- and Codebook-Aware Instruction Conditioning for Speaker-Adapted Expressive TTS30 Sep 2026
- 2026Scalable Direction-Following TTS via Voice Impression-Guided Pseudo Triplet Construction2 Sep 2026
- 2026Sequential Trajectories and Simultaneous Blending: Multi-Emotion Modeling for Instruction-Following TTS31 Aug 2026
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesis24 Aug 2026
- 2026VoiceDesigner: Text-to-Voice Generation and Editing via Unified Diffusion Modeling and Data Augmentation12 Aug 2026
- 2026Poly-InstructTTS: Learning In-the-Wild Expressive Speech Synthesis from Open-Ended Instructions30 Jun 2026
- 2026EmoTransCap: Dataset and Pipeline for Emotion Transition-Aware Speech Captioning in Discourses29 Apr 2026
- 2026Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Video Translation: A Role-Oriented Survey13 Apr 2026
- 2026Unlocking Fine-Grained and Within-Utterance Speaking Style Control in Prompt-Based Text-to-Speech Models9 Apr 2026
- 2026VoXtream2: Full-stream TTS with dynamic speaking rate control13 Mar 2026
- 2026WavBench: Benchmarking Reasoning, Colloquialism, and Paralinguistics for End-to-End Spoken Dialogue Models12 Feb 2026
- 2026Qwen3-TTS Technical Report22 Jan 2026
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- 2025U-Codec: Ultra Low Frame-rate Neural Speech Codec for Fast High-fidelity Speech Generation19 Oct 2025
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- 2025MoE-TTS: Enhancing Out-of-Domain Text Understanding for Description-based TTS via Mixture-of-Experts15 Aug 2025
- 2025Expressive Speech Retrieval using Natural Language Descriptions of Speaking Style15 Aug 2025
- 2025Next Tokens Denoising for Speech Synthesis30 Jul 2025
- 2025CapSpeech: Enabling Downstream Applications in Style-Captioned Text-to-Speech3 Jun 2025
- 2025CoVoMix2: Advancing Zero-Shot Dialogue Generation with Fully Non-Autoregressive Flow Matching1 Jun 2025
- 2025RASMALAI: Resources for Adaptive Speech Modeling in Indian Languages with Accents and Intonations24 May 2025
- 2025MPE-TTS: Customized Emotion Zero-Shot Text-To-Speech Using Multi-Modal Prompt24 May 2025
- 2025MultiActor-Audiobook: Zero-Shot Audiobook Generation with Faces and Voices of Multiple Speakers19 May 2025
- 2025EmoVoice: LLM-based Emotional Text-To-Speech Model with Freestyle Text Prompting17 Apr 2025
- 2025Algorithm Discovery With LLMs: Evolutionary Search Meets Reinforcement Learning7 Apr 2025
- 2025Scaling Rich Style-Prompted Text-to-Speech Datasets6 Mar 2025
- 2025Gender Bias in Instruction-Guided Speech Synthesis Models8 Feb 2025
- 2025Unispeaker: A Unified Approach for Multimodality-driven Speaker Generation11 Jan 2025
- 2024WavChat: A Survey of Spoken Dialogue Models15 Nov 2024
- 2024Can DeepFake Speech be Reliably Detected?9 Oct 2024
- 2024Where are we in audio deepfake detection? A systematic analysis over generative and detection models6 Oct 2024
- 2024Word-wise intonation model for cross-language TTS systems30 Sep 2024
- 2024Description-based Controllable Text-to-Speech with Cross-Lingual Voice Control26 Sep 2024
- 2024S2Cap: A Benchmark and a Baseline for Singing Style Captioning15 Sep 2024
- 2024Affective Computing Has Changed: The Foundation Model Disruption13 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Emotional Text-to-Speech Controllability with Natural Language Guidance through Contrastive Learning and Diffusion Models10 Sep 2024
- 2024SpeechCraft: A Fine-grained Expressive Speech Dataset with Natural Language Description24 Aug 2024
- 2024Talk With Human-like Agents: Empathetic Dialogue Through Perceptible Acoustic Reception and Reaction18 Jun 2024
- 2024Controlling Emotion in Text-to-Speech with Natural Language Prompts10 Jun 2024
- 2024ControlSpeech: Towards Simultaneous and Independent Zero-shot Speaker Cloning and Zero-shot Language Style Control3 Jun 2024
- 2024Expressivity and Speech Synthesis30 Apr 2024
- 2024Voice Attribute Editing with Text Prompt13 Apr 2024
- 2024CoVoMix: Advancing Zero-Shot Speech Generation for Human-like Multi-talker Conversations10 Apr 2024
- 2024Prompt-Singer: Controllable Singing-Voice-Synthesis with Natural Language Prompt18 Mar 2024
- 2024Natural language guidance of high-fidelity text-to-speech with synthetic annotations2 Feb 2024
- 2023Audiobox: Unified Audio Generation with Natural Language Prompts25 Dec 2023
- 2023HierSpeech++: Bridging the Gap between Semantic and Acoustic Representation of Speech by Hierarchical Variational Inference for Zero-shot Speech Synthesis21 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards Joint Modeling of Dialogue Response and Speech Synthesis based on Large Language Model20 Sep 2023
- 2023Audiobox: Unified Audio Generation with Natural Language Promptscited by 120
- 2025CoVoMix2: Advancing Zero-Shot Dialogue Generation with Fully Non-Autoregressive Flow Matchingcited by 11
- 2024Enhancing Emotional Text-to-Speech Controllability with Natural Language Guidance through Contrastive Learning and Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025Next Tokens Denoising for Speech Synthesiscited by 3
- 2026VoiceDesigner: Text-to-Voice Generation and Editing via Unified Diffusion Modeling and Data Augmentationcited by 1
- 2026VoiceDesigner: Text-to-Voice Generation and Editing via Unified Diffusion Modeling and Data Augmentation12 Aug 2026
- 2025Next Tokens Denoising for Speech Synthesis30 Jul 2025
- 2025CoVoMix2: Advancing Zero-Shot Dialogue Generation with Fully Non-Autoregressive Flow Matching1 Jun 2025
- 2024Enhancing Emotional Text-to-Speech Controllability with Natural Language Guidance through Contrastive Learning and Diffusion Models10 Sep 2024
- 2023Audiobox: Unified Audio Generation with Natural Language Prompts25 Dec 2023
- 2026Qwen3-TTS Technical Reportcited by 106
- 2024WavChat: A Survey of Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 88
- 2024Natural language guidance of high-fidelity text-to-speech with synthetic annotationscited by 66
- 2025Algorithm Discovery With LLMs: Evolutionary Search Meets Reinforcement Learningcited by 39
- 2023HierSpeech++: Bridging the Gap between Semantic and Acoustic Representation of Speech by Hierarchical Variational Inference for Zero-shot Speech Synthesiscited by 35
- 2025EmoVoice: LLM-based Emotional Text-To-Speech Model with Freestyle Text Promptingcited by 33
- 2024SpeechCraft: A Fine-grained Expressive Speech Dataset with Natural Language Descriptioncited by 20
- 2024ControlSpeech: Towards Simultaneous and Independent Zero-shot Speaker Cloning and Zero-shot Language Style Controlcited by 17
- 2025Scaling Rich Style-Prompted Text-to-Speech Datasetscited by 17
- 2024CoVoMix: Advancing Zero-Shot Speech Generation for Human-like Multi-talker Conversationscited by 15
- 2024Prompt-Singer: Controllable Singing-Voice-Synthesis with Natural Language Promptcited by 12
- 2024Where are we in audio deepfake detection? A systematic analysis over generative and detection modelscited by 11
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2026SCIC: Scope- and Codebook-Aware Instruction Conditioning for Speaker-Adapted Expressive TTS30 Sep 2026
- 2026Scalable Direction-Following TTS via Voice Impression-Guided Pseudo Triplet Construction2 Sep 2026
- 2026Sequential Trajectories and Simultaneous Blending: Multi-Emotion Modeling for Instruction-Following TTS31 Aug 2026
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesis24 Aug 2026
- 2026Poly-InstructTTS: Learning In-the-Wild Expressive Speech Synthesis from Open-Ended Instructions30 Jun 2026
- 2026EmoTransCap: Dataset and Pipeline for Emotion Transition-Aware Speech Captioning in Discourses29 Apr 2026
- 2026Unlocking Fine-Grained and Within-Utterance Speaking Style Control in Prompt-Based Text-to-Speech Models9 Apr 2026
- 2026VoXtream2: Full-stream TTS with dynamic speaking rate control13 Mar 2026
- 2026Qwen3-TTS Technical Report22 Jan 2026
- 2025U-Codec: Ultra Low Frame-rate Neural Speech Codec for Fast High-fidelity Speech Generation19 Oct 2025
- 2025HiStyle: Hierarchical Style Embedding Predictor for Text-Prompt-Guided Controllable Speech Synthesis30 Sep 2025
- 2025Expressive Speech Retrieval using Natural Language Descriptions of Speaking Style15 Aug 2025
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)