One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixels
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Face swapping has both positive applications such as entertainment, human-computer interaction, etc., and negative applications such as DeepFake threats to politics, economics, etc. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the scheme of advanced methods for high-quality face swapping and generate enough and representative face swapping images to train DeepFake detection algorithms. This paper proposes the first Megapixel level method for one shot Face Swapping (or MegaFS for short). Firstly, MegaFS organizes face representation hierarchically by the proposed Hierarchical Representation Face Encoder (HieRFE) in an extended latent space to maintain more facial details, rather than compressed representation in previous face swapping methods. Secondly, a carefully designed Face Transfer Module (FTM) is proposed to transfer the identity from a source image to the target by a non-linear trajectory without explicit feature disentanglement. Finally, the swapped faces can be synthesized by StyleGAN2 with the benefits of its training stability and powerful generative capability. Each part of MegaFS can be trained separately so the requirement of our model for GPU memory can be satisfied for megapixel face swapping. In summary, complete face representation, stable training, and limited memory usage are the three novel contributions to the success of our method. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of MegaFS and the first megapixel level face swapping database is released for research on DeepFake detection and face image editing in the public domain. The dataset is at this link.
Key facts. Cited by 105 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2021.
Builds on
44 of 58 references.
References · 44
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6,013
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,036
- 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,693
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,588
- 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,988
- 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,054
- 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognitioncited by 1,420
- 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,299
- 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,101
32 more
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
- 2020Encoding in Style: a StyleGAN Encoder for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 727
- 2019Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editingcited by 695
- 2019Image2StyleGAN: How to Embed Images Into the StyleGAN Latent Space?cited by 675
- 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 632
- 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 614
- 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 575
- 2019Accurate 3D Face Reconstruction with Weakly-Supervised Learning: From Single Image to Image Setcited by 482
- 2020In-Domain GAN Inversion for Real Image Editingcited by 420
- 2020InterFaceGAN: Interpreting the Disentangled Face Representation Learned by GANscited by 394
- 2019Image2StyleGAN++: How to Edit the Embedded Images?cited by 356
- 2020StyleFlow: Attribute-conditioned Exploration of StyleGAN-Generated Images using Conditional Continuous Normalizing Flowscited by 349
- 2019FSGAN: Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 320
- 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 297
- 2020StyleRig: Rigging StyleGAN for 3D Control over Portrait Imagescited by 268
- 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 254
- 2019Deferred Neural Rendering: Image Synthesis using Neural Texturescited by 253
- 2019On the "steerability" of generative adversarial networkscited by 248
- 2017Photographic Image Synthesis with Cascaded Refinement Networkscited by 223
- 2018DeepFakes: a New Threat to Face Recognition? Assessment and Detectioncited by 209
- 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 209
- 2020Editing in Style: Uncovering the Local Semantics of GANscited by 183
- 2017Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimation Without Keypointscited by 163
- 2016Inverting The Generator Of A Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 140
- 2016Fast Face-swap Using Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 119
- 2018FaceForensics: A Large-scale Video Dataset for Forgery Detection in Human Facescited by 119
- 2016Invertible Conditional GANs for image editingcited by 118
- 2018Towards Open-Set Identity Preserving Face Synthesiscited by 74
- 2020Collaborative Learning for Faster StyleGAN Embeddingcited by 65
- 2018FSNet: An Identity-Aware Generative Model for Image-based Face Swappingcited by 29
- 2019FReeNet: Multi-Identity Face Reenactmentcited by 10
- 2020Face Identity Disentanglement via Latent Space Mappingcited by 10
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 30; 2023: 25; 2024: 22; 2025: 17; 2026: 9.
105 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Face0: Instantaneously Conditioning a Text-to-Image Model on a Facecited by 78
- 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
- 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidancecited by 77
- 2022Fine-Grained Face Swapping via Regional GAN Inversioncited by 67
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 67
- 2024Face Adapter for Pre-Trained Diffusion Models with Fine-Grained ID and Attribute Controlcited by 67
- 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
- 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 59
- 2022High-resolution Face Swapping via Latent Semantics Disentanglementcited by 57
- 2023FaceStudio: Put Your Face Everywhere in Secondscited by 53
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 50
- 2022Region-Aware Face Swappingcited by 45
38 more
- 2022FaceDancer: Pose- and Occlusion-Aware High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 44
- 2022StyleSwap: Style-Based Generator Empowers Robust Face Swappingcited by 39
- 2024Realistic and Efficient Face Swapping: A Unified Approach with Diffusion Modelscited by 36
- 2022State-of-the-Art in the Architecture, Methods and Applications of StyleGANcited by 34
- 2022AnyFace: Free-style Text-to-Face Synthesis and Manipulationcited by 33
- 2021Smooth-Swap: A Simple Enhancement for Face-Swapping with Smoothnesscited by 30
- 2022Face Generation and Editing with StyleGAN: A Surveycited by 28
- 2024CharacterFactory: Sampling Consistent Characters with GANs for Diffusion Modelscited by 24
- 2022Self-supervised Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 22
- 2022Few-Shot Head Swapping in the Wildcited by 21
- 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
- 2025h-Edit: Effective and Flexible Diffusion-Based Editing via Doob's h-Transformcited by 19
- 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
- 2022GAN-based Facial Attribute Manipulationcited by 16
- 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performercited by 16
- 2025CanonSwap: High-Fidelity and Consistent Video Face Swapping via Canonical Space Modulationcited by 16
- 2022Towards Benchmarking and Evaluating Deepfake Detectioncited by 15
- 2022StyleTalker: One-shot Style-based Audio-driven Talking Head Video Generationcited by 14
- 2022HS-Diffusion: Semantic-Mixing Diffusion for Head Swappingcited by 13
- 2023GenConViT: Deepfake Video Detection Using Generative Convolutional Vision Transformercited by 13
- 2022Learning Disentangled Representation for One-shot Progressive Face Swappingcited by 12
- 2023FIVA: Facial Image and Video Anonymization and Anonymization Defensecited by 12
- 2023Reinforced Disentanglement for Face Swapping without Skip Connectioncited by 10
- 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
- 2025DynamicFace: High-Quality and Consistent Face Swapping for Image and Video using Composable 3D Facial Priorscited by 10
- 2025DreamID: High-Fidelity and Fast diffusion-based Face Swapping via Triplet ID Group Learningcited by 10
- 2023Multimodal-driven Talking Face Generation via a Unified Diffusion-based Generatorcited by 9
- 2024HiFiVFS: High Fidelity Video Face Swappingcited by 9
- 2025Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 9
- 2023Real Face Foundation Representation Learning for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2023Disguise without Disruption: Utility-Preserving Face De-Identificationcited by 8
- 2023ReliableSwap: Boosting General Face Swapping Via Reliable Supervisioncited by 8
- 2023E4S: Fine-grained Face Swapping via Editing With Regional GAN Inversioncited by 8
- 2024FaceShield: Defending Facial Image against Deepfake Threatscited by 8
- 2022The MeVer DeepFake Detection Service: Lessons Learnt from Developing and Deploying in the Wildcited by 6
- 2022FlowFace: Semantic Flow-guided Shape-aware Face Swappingcited by 6
- 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detectioncited by 6
- 2024VividFace: A Diffusion-Based Hybrid Framework for High-Fidelity Video Face Swappingcited by 6
50 most cited of 105 All 105 (JSON)
- 2026Transferable Attack against Face Swapping in an Extended Space24 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards High Fidelity Face Swapping: A Comprehensive Survey and New Benchmark27 Apr 2026
- 2026CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representation31 Mar 2026
- 2026GSwap: Realistic Head Swapping with Dynamic Neural Gaussian Field24 Mar 2026
- 2026VFace: A Training-Free Approach for Diffusion-Based Video Face Swapping8 Feb 2026
- 2026AlphaFace: High Fidelity and Real-time Face Swapper Robust to Facial Pose23 Jan 2026
- 2026APPLE: Attribute-Preserving Pseudo-Labeling for Diffusion-Based Face Swapping21 Jan 2026
- 2026Safeguarding Facial Identity against Diffusion-based Face Swapping via Cascading Pathway Disruption21 Jan 2026
- 2026GaussianSwap: Animatable Video Face Swapping with 3D Gaussian Splatting9 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Robust Protective Perturbation against DeepFake Face Swapping8 Dec 2025
- 2025ROFI: A Deep Learning-Based Ophthalmic Sign-Preserving and Reversible Patient Face Anonymizer13 Oct 2025
- 2025PerFace: Metric Learning in Perceptual Facial Similarity for Enhanced Face Anonymization24 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025PolyJuice Makes It Real: Black-Box, Universal Red Teaming for Synthetic Image Detectors19 Sep 2025
- 2025MFFI: Multi-Dimensional Face Forgery Image Dataset for Real-World Scenarios6 Sep 2025
- 2025CanonSwap: High-Fidelity and Consistent Video Face Swapping via Canonical Space Modulation3 Jul 2025
- 2025FAME: A Lightweight Spatio-Temporal Network for Model Attribution of Face-Swap Deepfakes13 Jun 2025
- 2025Towards Generalized Proactive Defense against Face Swapping with Contour-Hybrid Watermark25 May 2025
- 2025My Face Is Mine, Not Yours: Facial Protection Against Diffusion Model Face Swapping21 May 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Unified Face Attack Detection via Hierarchical Prompt Tuning19 May 2025
- 2025DreamID: High-Fidelity and Fast diffusion-based Face Swapping via Triplet ID Group Learning20 Apr 2025
- 2025MVFNet: Multipurpose Video Forensics Network using Multiple Forms of Forensic Evidence26 Mar 2025
- 2025h-Edit: Effective and Flexible Diffusion-Based Editing via Doob's h-Transform4 Mar 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Head Swapping in Real-World Scenarios2 Mar 2025
- 2025GHOST 2.0: generative high-fidelity one shot transfer of heads25 Feb 2025
- 2025DynamicFace: High-Quality and Consistent Face Swapping for Image and Video using Composable 3D Facial Priors15 Jan 2025
- 2025Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection2 Jan 2025
- 2024VividFace: A Diffusion-Based Hybrid Framework for High-Fidelity Video Face Swapping15 Dec 2024
- 2024FaceShield: Defending Facial Image against Deepfake Threats13 Dec 2024
- 2024FaceTracer: Unveiling Source Identities from Swapped Face Images and Videos for Fraud Prevention11 Dec 2024
- 2024DFREC: DeepFake Identity Recovery Based on Identity-aware Masked Autoencoder10 Dec 2024
- 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlook29 Nov 2024
- 2024HiFiVFS: High Fidelity Video Face Swapping27 Nov 2024
- 2024Realistic and Efficient Face Swapping: A Unified Approach with Diffusion Models11 Sep 2024
- 2024IDRetracor: Towards Visual Forensics Against Malicious Face Swapping13 Aug 2024
- 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performer6 Aug 2024
- 2024LDFaceNet: Latent Diffusion-based Network for High-Fidelity Deepfake Generation4 Aug 2024
- 2024PrivateGaze: Preserving User Privacy in Black-box Mobile Gaze Tracking Services1 Aug 2024
- 2024Solutions to Deepfakes: Can Camera Hardware, Cryptography, and Deep Learning Verify Real Images?4 Jul 2024
- 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systems6 Jun 2024
- 2024Rank-based No-reference Quality Assessment for Face Swapping4 Jun 2024
- 2024Face Adapter for Pre-Trained Diffusion Models with Fine-Grained ID and Attribute Control21 May 2024
- 2024CharacterFactory: Sampling Consistent Characters with GANs for Diffusion Models24 Apr 2024
- 2024Monocular Identity-Conditioned Facial Reflectance Reconstruction30 Mar 2024
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Survey26 Mar 2024
- 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection11 Mar 2024
- 2024LatentSwap: An Efficient Latent Code Mapping Framework for Face Swapping28 Feb 2024
- 2024SelfSwapper: Self-Supervised Face Swapping via Shape Agnostic Masked AutoEncoder12 Feb 2024
- 2024Towards mitigating uncann(eye)ness in face swaps via gaze-centric loss terms5 Feb 2024
- 2023High-Fidelity Face Swapping with Style Blending17 Dec 2023
- 2023FaceStudio: Put Your Face Everywhere in Seconds5 Dec 2023
50 newest of 105 All 105 (JSON)
- 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidancecited by 77
- 2024Face Adapter for Pre-Trained Diffusion Models with Fine-Grained ID and Attribute Controlcited by 67
- 2024Realistic and Efficient Face Swapping: A Unified Approach with Diffusion Modelscited by 36
- 2024CharacterFactory: Sampling Consistent Characters with GANs for Diffusion Modelscited by 24
- 2025h-Edit: Effective and Flexible Diffusion-Based Editing via Doob's h-Transformcited by 19
- 2022HS-Diffusion: Semantic-Mixing Diffusion for Head Swappingcited by 13
- 2025DreamID: High-Fidelity and Fast diffusion-based Face Swapping via Triplet ID Group Learningcited by 10
- 2023Multimodal-driven Talking Face Generation via a Unified Diffusion-based Generatorcited by 9
- 2024HiFiVFS: High Fidelity Video Face Swappingcited by 9
- 2025My Face Is Mine, Not Yours: Facial Protection Against Diffusion Model Face Swappingcited by 5
- 2024LDFaceNet: Latent Diffusion-based Network for High-Fidelity Deepfake Generationcited by 1
- 2026Safeguarding Facial Identity against Diffusion-based Face Swapping via Cascading Pathway Disruptioncited by 1
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Towards High Fidelity Face Swapping: A Comprehensive Survey and New Benchmark27 Apr 2026
- 2026CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representation31 Mar 2026
- 2026VFace: A Training-Free Approach for Diffusion-Based Video Face Swapping8 Feb 2026
- 2026Safeguarding Facial Identity against Diffusion-based Face Swapping via Cascading Pathway Disruption21 Jan 2026
- 2025My Face Is Mine, Not Yours: Facial Protection Against Diffusion Model Face Swapping21 May 2025
- 2025DreamID: High-Fidelity and Fast diffusion-based Face Swapping via Triplet ID Group Learning20 Apr 2025
- 2025h-Edit: Effective and Flexible Diffusion-Based Editing via Doob's h-Transform4 Mar 2025
- 2024HiFiVFS: High Fidelity Video Face Swapping27 Nov 2024
- 2024Realistic and Efficient Face Swapping: A Unified Approach with Diffusion Models11 Sep 2024
- 2024LDFaceNet: Latent Diffusion-based Network for High-Fidelity Deepfake Generation4 Aug 2024
- 2024Face Adapter for Pre-Trained Diffusion Models with Fine-Grained ID and Attribute Control21 May 2024
- 2024CharacterFactory: Sampling Consistent Characters with GANs for Diffusion Models24 Apr 2024
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2023Face0: Instantaneously Conditioning a Text-to-Image Model on a Facecited by 78
- 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
- 2022Fine-Grained Face Swapping via Regional GAN Inversioncited by 67
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 67
- 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
- 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 59
- 2022High-resolution Face Swapping via Latent Semantics Disentanglementcited by 57
- 2023FaceStudio: Put Your Face Everywhere in Secondscited by 53
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 50
- 2022Region-Aware Face Swappingcited by 45
- 2022FaceDancer: Pose- and Occlusion-Aware High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 44
- 2022StyleSwap: Style-Based Generator Empowers Robust Face Swappingcited by 39
12 most cited of 89 All 89 (JSON)
- 2026Transferable Attack against Face Swapping in an Extended Space24 Jun 2026
- 2026GSwap: Realistic Head Swapping with Dynamic Neural Gaussian Field24 Mar 2026
- 2026AlphaFace: High Fidelity and Real-time Face Swapper Robust to Facial Pose23 Jan 2026
- 2026APPLE: Attribute-Preserving Pseudo-Labeling for Diffusion-Based Face Swapping21 Jan 2026
- 2026GaussianSwap: Animatable Video Face Swapping with 3D Gaussian Splatting9 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Robust Protective Perturbation against DeepFake Face Swapping8 Dec 2025
- 2025ROFI: A Deep Learning-Based Ophthalmic Sign-Preserving and Reversible Patient Face Anonymizer13 Oct 2025
- 2025PerFace: Metric Learning in Perceptual Facial Similarity for Enhanced Face Anonymization24 Sep 2025
- 2025MFFI: Multi-Dimensional Face Forgery Image Dataset for Real-World Scenarios6 Sep 2025
- 2025CanonSwap: High-Fidelity and Consistent Video Face Swapping via Canonical Space Modulation3 Jul 2025
- 2025FAME: A Lightweight Spatio-Temporal Network for Model Attribution of Face-Swap Deepfakes13 Jun 2025
- 2025Towards Generalized Proactive Defense against Face Swapping with Contour-Hybrid Watermark25 May 2025
12 newest of 89 All 89 (JSON)