mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixels

arXiv 2105.04932 ↗First posted 11 May 2021cs.CVcited by 105

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Abstract (arXiv)

Face swapping has both positive applications such as entertainment, human-computer interaction, etc., and negative applications such as DeepFake threats to politics, economics, etc. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the scheme of advanced methods for high-quality face swapping and generate enough and representative face swapping images to train DeepFake detection algorithms. This paper proposes the first Megapixel level method for one shot Face Swapping (or MegaFS for short). Firstly, MegaFS organizes face representation hierarchically by the proposed Hierarchical Representation Face Encoder (HieRFE) in an extended latent space to maintain more facial details, rather than compressed representation in previous face swapping methods. Secondly, a carefully designed Face Transfer Module (FTM) is proposed to transfer the identity from a source image to the target by a non-linear trajectory without explicit feature disentanglement. Finally, the swapped faces can be synthesized by StyleGAN2 with the benefits of its training stability and powerful generative capability. Each part of MegaFS can be trained separately so the requirement of our model for GPU memory can be satisfied for megapixel face swapping. In summary, complete face representation, stable training, and limited memory usage are the three novel contributions to the success of our method. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of MegaFS and the first megapixel level face swapping database is released for research on DeepFake detection and face image editing in the public domain. The dataset is at this link.

Key facts. Cited by 105 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2021.

Builds on

44 of 58 references.

References · 44

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
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  6. 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,693
  7. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,588
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32 more
  1. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
  2. 2020Encoding in Style: a StyleGAN Encoder for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 727
  3. 2019Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editingcited by 695
  4. 2019Image2StyleGAN: How to Embed Images Into the StyleGAN Latent Space?cited by 675
  5. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 632
  6. 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 614
  7. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 575
  8. 2019Accurate 3D Face Reconstruction with Weakly-Supervised Learning: From Single Image to Image Setcited by 482
  9. 2020In-Domain GAN Inversion for Real Image Editingcited by 420
  10. 2020InterFaceGAN: Interpreting the Disentangled Face Representation Learned by GANscited by 394
  11. 2019Image2StyleGAN++: How to Edit the Embedded Images?cited by 356
  12. 2020StyleFlow: Attribute-conditioned Exploration of StyleGAN-Generated Images using Conditional Continuous Normalizing Flowscited by 349
  13. 2019FSGAN: Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 320
  14. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 297
  15. 2020StyleRig: Rigging StyleGAN for 3D Control over Portrait Imagescited by 268
  16. 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 254
  17. 2019Deferred Neural Rendering: Image Synthesis using Neural Texturescited by 253
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  19. 2017Photographic Image Synthesis with Cascaded Refinement Networkscited by 223
  20. 2018DeepFakes: a New Threat to Face Recognition? Assessment and Detectioncited by 209
  21. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 209
  22. 2020Editing in Style: Uncovering the Local Semantics of GANscited by 183
  23. 2017Fine-Grained Head Pose Estimation Without Keypointscited by 163
  24. 2016Inverting The Generator Of A Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 140
  25. 2016Fast Face-swap Using Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 119
  26. 2018FaceForensics: A Large-scale Video Dataset for Forgery Detection in Human Facescited by 119
  27. 2016Invertible Conditional GANs for image editingcited by 118
  28. 2018Towards Open-Set Identity Preserving Face Synthesiscited by 74
  29. 2020Collaborative Learning for Faster StyleGAN Embeddingcited by 65
  30. 2018FSNet: An Identity-Aware Generative Model for Image-based Face Swappingcited by 29
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  32. 2020Face Identity Disentanglement via Latent Space Mappingcited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 30; 2023: 25; 2024: 22; 2025: 17; 2026: 9.

105 papers.

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  1. 2023Face0: Instantaneously Conditioning a Text-to-Image Model on a Facecited by 78
  2. 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
  3. 2022DiffFace: Diffusion-based Face Swapping with Facial Guidancecited by 77
  4. 2022Fine-Grained Face Swapping via Regional GAN Inversioncited by 67
  5. 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 67
  6. 2024Face Adapter for Pre-Trained Diffusion Models with Fine-Grained ID and Attribute Controlcited by 67
  7. 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
  8. 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 59
  9. 2022High-resolution Face Swapping via Latent Semantics Disentanglementcited by 57
  10. 2023FaceStudio: Put Your Face Everywhere in Secondscited by 53
  11. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 50
  12. 2022Region-Aware Face Swappingcited by 45
38 more
  1. 2022FaceDancer: Pose- and Occlusion-Aware High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 44
  2. 2022StyleSwap: Style-Based Generator Empowers Robust Face Swappingcited by 39
  3. 2024Realistic and Efficient Face Swapping: A Unified Approach with Diffusion Modelscited by 36
  4. 2022State-of-the-Art in the Architecture, Methods and Applications of StyleGANcited by 34
  5. 2022AnyFace: Free-style Text-to-Face Synthesis and Manipulationcited by 33
  6. 2021Smooth-Swap: A Simple Enhancement for Face-Swapping with Smoothnesscited by 30
  7. 2022Face Generation and Editing with StyleGAN: A Surveycited by 28
  8. 2024CharacterFactory: Sampling Consistent Characters with GANs for Diffusion Modelscited by 24
  9. 2022Self-supervised Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 22
  10. 2022Few-Shot Head Swapping in the Wildcited by 21
  11. 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
  12. 2025h-Edit: Effective and Flexible Diffusion-Based Editing via Doob's h-Transformcited by 19
  13. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  14. 2022GAN-based Facial Attribute Manipulationcited by 16
  15. 2024ReSyncer: Rewiring Style-based Generator for Unified Audio-Visually Synced Facial Performercited by 16
  16. 2025CanonSwap: High-Fidelity and Consistent Video Face Swapping via Canonical Space Modulationcited by 16
  17. 2022Towards Benchmarking and Evaluating Deepfake Detectioncited by 15
  18. 2022StyleTalker: One-shot Style-based Audio-driven Talking Head Video Generationcited by 14
  19. 2022HS-Diffusion: Semantic-Mixing Diffusion for Head Swappingcited by 13
  20. 2023GenConViT: Deepfake Video Detection Using Generative Convolutional Vision Transformercited by 13
  21. 2022Learning Disentangled Representation for One-shot Progressive Face Swappingcited by 12
  22. 2023FIVA: Facial Image and Video Anonymization and Anonymization Defensecited by 12
  23. 2023Reinforced Disentanglement for Face Swapping without Skip Connectioncited by 10
  24. 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
  25. 2025DynamicFace: High-Quality and Consistent Face Swapping for Image and Video using Composable 3D Facial Priorscited by 10
  26. 2025DreamID: High-Fidelity and Fast diffusion-based Face Swapping via Triplet ID Group Learningcited by 10
  27. 2023Multimodal-driven Talking Face Generation via a Unified Diffusion-based Generatorcited by 9
  28. 2024HiFiVFS: High Fidelity Video Face Swappingcited by 9
  29. 2025Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 9
  30. 2023Real Face Foundation Representation Learning for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
  31. 2023Disguise without Disruption: Utility-Preserving Face De-Identificationcited by 8
  32. 2023ReliableSwap: Boosting General Face Swapping Via Reliable Supervisioncited by 8
  33. 2023E4S: Fine-grained Face Swapping via Editing With Regional GAN Inversioncited by 8
  34. 2024FaceShield: Defending Facial Image against Deepfake Threatscited by 8
  35. 2022The MeVer DeepFake Detection Service: Lessons Learnt from Developing and Deploying in the Wildcited by 6
  36. 2022FlowFace: Semantic Flow-guided Shape-aware Face Swappingcited by 6
  37. 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detectioncited by 6
  38. 2024VividFace: A Diffusion-Based Hybrid Framework for High-Fidelity Video Face Swappingcited by 6

50 most cited of 105 All 105 (JSON)