mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Towards Measuring Fairness in AI: the Casual Conversations Dataset

arXiv 2104.02821 ↗First posted 6 Apr 2021cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 80

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces a novel dataset to help researchers evaluate their computer vision and audio models for accuracy across a diverse set of age, genders, apparent skin tones and ambient lighting conditions. Our dataset is composed of 3,011 subjects and contains over 45,000 videos, with an average of 15 videos per person. The videos were recorded in multiple U.S. states with a diverse set of adults in various age, gender and apparent skin tone groups. A key feature is that each subject agreed to participate for their likenesses to be used. Additionally, our age and gender annotations are provided by the subjects themselves. A group of trained annotators labeled the subjects' apparent skin tone using the Fitzpatrick skin type scale. Moreover, annotations for videos recorded in low ambient lighting are also provided. As an application to measure robustness of predictions across certain attributes, we provide a comprehensive study on the top five winners of the DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC). Experimental evaluation shows that the winning models are less performant on some specific groups of people, such as subjects with darker skin tones and thus may not generalize to all people. In addition, we also evaluate the state-of-the-art apparent age and gender classification methods. Our experiments provides a thorough analysis on these models in terms of fair treatment of people from various backgrounds.

Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2021.

Builds on

15 of 39 references.

References · 15

  1. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
  2. 2017Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencodercited by 426
  3. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
  4. 2019Towards Fairer Datasets: Filtering and Balancing the Distribution of the People Subtree in the ImageNet Hierarchycited by 156
  5. 2019Does Object Recognition Work for Everyone?cited by 149
  6. 2020The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Datasetcited by 125
  7. 2019Towards a Critical Race Methodology in Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 124
  8. 2019Fairness in Deep Learning: A Computational Perspectivecited by 123
  9. 2019Deep Learning for Deepfakes Creation and Detection: A Surveycited by 102
  10. 2020Demographic Bias in Biometrics: A Survey on an Emerging Challengecited by 93
  11. 2020Saving Face: Investigating the Ethical Concerns of Facial Recognition Auditingcited by 89
  12. 2019FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Agecited by 87
3 more
  1. 2020Analysis of Gender Inequality In Face Recognition Accuracycited by 47
  2. 2020Non-portability of Algorithmic Fairness in Indiacited by 7
  3. 2018Joint Estimation of Age and Gender from Unconstrained Face Images using Lightweight Multi-task CNN for Mobile Applicationscited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 17; 2023: 22; 2024: 22; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.

80 papers.

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  1. 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
  2. 2021A Survey on Bias in Visual Datasetscited by 84
  3. 2022Vision Models Are More Robust And Fair When Pretrained On Uncurated Images Without Supervisioncited by 80
  4. 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 70
  5. 2023FACET: Fairness in Computer Vision Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 58
  6. 2021Mitigating Dataset Harms Requires Stewardship: Lessons from 1000 Paperscited by 49
  7. 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
  8. 2023GAIA: Zero-shot Talking Avatar Generationcited by 43
  9. 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detectioncited by 40
  10. 2022Towards Transparency in Dermatology Image Datasets with Skin Tone Annotations by Experts, Crowds, and an Algorithmcited by 35
  11. 2024CLIP the Bias: How Useful is Balancing Data in Multimodal Learning?cited by 35
  12. 2022FairGRAPE: Fairness-aware GRAdient Pruning mEthod for Face Attribute Classificationcited by 30
38 more
  1. 2024AI-Face: A Million-Scale Demographically Annotated AI-Generated Face Dataset and Fairness Benchmarkcited by 28
  2. 2022Rethinking Bias Mitigation: Fairer Architectures Make for Fairer Face Recognitioncited by 26
  3. 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
  4. 2024Position: Measure Dataset Diversity, Don't Just Claim Itcited by 26
  5. 2022Fairness Indicators for Systematic Assessments of Visual Feature Extractorscited by 24
  6. 2023Consensus and Subjectivity of Skin Tone Annotation for ML Fairnesscited by 22
  7. 2022Adaptive Sampling Strategies to Construct Equitable Training Datasetscited by 18
  8. 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curationcited by 17
  9. 2023Beyond Skin Tone: A Multidimensional Measure of Apparent Skin Colorcited by 17
  10. 2021Analysis of Manual and Automated Skin Tone Assignments for Face Recognition Applicationscited by 16
  11. 2024InstructAvatar: Text-Guided Emotion and Motion Control for Avatar Generationcited by 16
  12. 2022Analyzing Fairness in Deepfake Detection With Massively Annotated Databasescited by 13
  13. 2023What Should Be Balanced in a "Balanced" Face Recognition Dataset?cited by 13
  14. 2023Metrics for Dataset Demographic Bias: A Case Study on Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 12
  15. 2024MobilePortrait: Real-Time One-Shot Neural Head Avatars on Mobile Devicescited by 12
  16. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  17. 2021Robustness Disparities in Commercial Face Detectioncited by 11
  18. 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasetscited by 11
  19. 2022How to Boost Face Recognition with StyleGAN?cited by 10
  20. 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approachcited by 10
  21. 2023DIG In: Evaluating Disparities in Image Generations with Indicators for Geographic Diversitycited by 9
  22. 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectorscited by 9
  23. 2024A structured regression approach for evaluating model performance across intersectional subgroupscited by 8
  24. 2024DH-FaceVid-1K: A Large-Scale High-Quality Dataset for Face Video Generationcited by 8
  25. 2025Training and Inference Efficiency of Encoder-Decoder Speech Modelscited by 8
  26. 2022Language technology practitioners as language managers: arbitrating data bias and predictive bias in ASRcited by 7
  27. 2024Make Your Actor Talk: Generalizable and High-Fidelity Lip Sync with Motion and Appearance Disentanglementcited by 7
  28. 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalizecited by 7
  29. 2022Measuring and signing fairness as performance under multiple stakeholder distributionscited by 6
  30. 2023A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representationscited by 6
  31. 2024The Balancing Act: Unmasking and Alleviating ASR Biases in Portuguesecited by 6
  32. 2022Casual Conversations v2: Designing a large consent-driven dataset to measure algorithmic bias and robustnesscited by 5
  33. 2022Robustness Disparities in Face Detectioncited by 5
  34. 2023Towards Reliable Assessments of Demographic Disparities in Multi-Label Image Classifierscited by 5
  35. 2024The Bias of Harmful Label Associations in Vision-Language Modelscited by 5
  36. 2025Bias Amplification in Stable Diffusion's Representation of Stigma Through Skin Tones and Their Homogeneitycited by 5
  37. 2022A Review and Roadmap of Deep Learning Causal Discovery in Different Variable Paradigmscited by 4
  38. 2023The Casual Conversations v2 Datasetcited by 4

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