Towards Measuring Fairness in AI: the Casual Conversations Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper introduces a novel dataset to help researchers evaluate their computer vision and audio models for accuracy across a diverse set of age, genders, apparent skin tones and ambient lighting conditions. Our dataset is composed of 3,011 subjects and contains over 45,000 videos, with an average of 15 videos per person. The videos were recorded in multiple U.S. states with a diverse set of adults in various age, gender and apparent skin tone groups. A key feature is that each subject agreed to participate for their likenesses to be used. Additionally, our age and gender annotations are provided by the subjects themselves. A group of trained annotators labeled the subjects' apparent skin tone using the Fitzpatrick skin type scale. Moreover, annotations for videos recorded in low ambient lighting are also provided. As an application to measure robustness of predictions across certain attributes, we provide a comprehensive study on the top five winners of the DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC). Experimental evaluation shows that the winning models are less performant on some specific groups of people, such as subjects with darker skin tones and thus may not generalize to all people. In addition, we also evaluate the state-of-the-art apparent age and gender classification methods. Our experiments provides a thorough analysis on these models in terms of fair treatment of people from various backgrounds.
Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2021.
Builds on
15 of 39 references.
References · 15
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
- 2017Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencodercited by 426
- 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
- 2019Towards Fairer Datasets: Filtering and Balancing the Distribution of the People Subtree in the ImageNet Hierarchycited by 156
- 2019Does Object Recognition Work for Everyone?cited by 149
- 2020The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Datasetcited by 125
- 2019Towards a Critical Race Methodology in Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 124
- 2019Fairness in Deep Learning: A Computational Perspectivecited by 123
- 2019Deep Learning for Deepfakes Creation and Detection: A Surveycited by 102
- 2020Demographic Bias in Biometrics: A Survey on an Emerging Challengecited by 93
- 2020Saving Face: Investigating the Ethical Concerns of Facial Recognition Auditingcited by 89
- 2019FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Agecited by 87
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 17; 2023: 22; 2024: 22; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
80 papers.
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- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2021A Survey on Bias in Visual Datasetscited by 84
- 2022Vision Models Are More Robust And Fair When Pretrained On Uncurated Images Without Supervisioncited by 80
- 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 70
- 2023FACET: Fairness in Computer Vision Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2021Mitigating Dataset Harms Requires Stewardship: Lessons from 1000 Paperscited by 49
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2023GAIA: Zero-shot Talking Avatar Generationcited by 43
- 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detectioncited by 40
- 2022Towards Transparency in Dermatology Image Datasets with Skin Tone Annotations by Experts, Crowds, and an Algorithmcited by 35
- 2024CLIP the Bias: How Useful is Balancing Data in Multimodal Learning?cited by 35
- 2022FairGRAPE: Fairness-aware GRAdient Pruning mEthod for Face Attribute Classificationcited by 30
38 more
- 2024AI-Face: A Million-Scale Demographically Annotated AI-Generated Face Dataset and Fairness Benchmarkcited by 28
- 2022Rethinking Bias Mitigation: Fairer Architectures Make for Fairer Face Recognitioncited by 26
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
- 2024Position: Measure Dataset Diversity, Don't Just Claim Itcited by 26
- 2022Fairness Indicators for Systematic Assessments of Visual Feature Extractorscited by 24
- 2023Consensus and Subjectivity of Skin Tone Annotation for ML Fairnesscited by 22
- 2022Adaptive Sampling Strategies to Construct Equitable Training Datasetscited by 18
- 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curationcited by 17
- 2023Beyond Skin Tone: A Multidimensional Measure of Apparent Skin Colorcited by 17
- 2021Analysis of Manual and Automated Skin Tone Assignments for Face Recognition Applicationscited by 16
- 2024InstructAvatar: Text-Guided Emotion and Motion Control for Avatar Generationcited by 16
- 2022Analyzing Fairness in Deepfake Detection With Massively Annotated Databasescited by 13
- 2023What Should Be Balanced in a "Balanced" Face Recognition Dataset?cited by 13
- 2023Metrics for Dataset Demographic Bias: A Case Study on Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 12
- 2024MobilePortrait: Real-Time One-Shot Neural Head Avatars on Mobile Devicescited by 12
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2021Robustness Disparities in Commercial Face Detectioncited by 11
- 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasetscited by 11
- 2022How to Boost Face Recognition with StyleGAN?cited by 10
- 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approachcited by 10
- 2023DIG In: Evaluating Disparities in Image Generations with Indicators for Geographic Diversitycited by 9
- 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectorscited by 9
- 2024A structured regression approach for evaluating model performance across intersectional subgroupscited by 8
- 2024DH-FaceVid-1K: A Large-Scale High-Quality Dataset for Face Video Generationcited by 8
- 2025Training and Inference Efficiency of Encoder-Decoder Speech Modelscited by 8
- 2022Language technology practitioners as language managers: arbitrating data bias and predictive bias in ASRcited by 7
- 2024Make Your Actor Talk: Generalizable and High-Fidelity Lip Sync with Motion and Appearance Disentanglementcited by 7
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalizecited by 7
- 2022Measuring and signing fairness as performance under multiple stakeholder distributionscited by 6
- 2023A View From Somewhere: Human-Centric Face Representationscited by 6
- 2024The Balancing Act: Unmasking and Alleviating ASR Biases in Portuguesecited by 6
- 2022Casual Conversations v2: Designing a large consent-driven dataset to measure algorithmic bias and robustnesscited by 5
- 2022Robustness Disparities in Face Detectioncited by 5
- 2023Towards Reliable Assessments of Demographic Disparities in Multi-Label Image Classifierscited by 5
- 2024The Bias of Harmful Label Associations in Vision-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Bias Amplification in Stable Diffusion's Representation of Stigma Through Skin Tones and Their Homogeneitycited by 5
- 2022A Review and Roadmap of Deep Learning Causal Discovery in Different Variable Paradigmscited by 4
- 2023The Casual Conversations v2 Datasetcited by 4
50 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026SkinAgent AI: A Safety-Grounded Multimodal Agentic Framework for Non-Diagnostic Skincare Support24 Sep 2026
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets9 Jun 2026
- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2026
- 2026Demographic and Linguistic Bias Evaluation in Omnimodal Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Skin Tone Classification in the Wild2 Mar 2026
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detection13 Nov 2025
- 2025Auditing and Mitigating Bias in Gender Classification Algorithms: A Data-Centric Approach17 Oct 2025
- 2025LLM-Guided Synthetic Augmentation (LGSA) for Mitigating Bias in AI Systems15 Oct 2025
- 2025Bias Amplification in Stable Diffusion's Representation of Stigma Through Skin Tones and Their Homogeneity24 Aug 2025
- 2025Bias Analysis for Synthetic Face Detection: A Case Study of the Impact of Facial Attributes25 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Individual Fairness in Deepfake Detection18 Jul 2025
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalize3 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025TrustSkin: A Fairness Pipeline for Trustworthy Facial Affect Analysis Across Skin Tone27 May 2025
- 2025Training and Inference Efficiency of Encoder-Decoder Speech Models7 Mar 2025
- 2025Unveiling Biases while Embracing Sustainability: Assessing the Dual Challenges of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems2 Mar 2025
- 2024Data-Driven Fairness Generalization for Deepfake Detection21 Dec 2024
- 2024TalkinNeRF: Animatable Neural Fields for Full-Body Talking Humans25 Sep 2024
- 2024DH-FaceVid-1K: A Large-Scale High-Quality Dataset for Face Video Generation23 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024Position: Measure Dataset Diversity, Don't Just Claim It11 Jul 2024
- 2024MobilePortrait: Real-Time One-Shot Neural Head Avatars on Mobile Devices8 Jul 2024
- 2024Make Your Actor Talk: Generalizable and High-Fidelity Lip Sync with Motion and Appearance Disentanglement12 Jun 2024
- 2024A Taxonomy of Challenges to Curating Fair Datasets10 Jun 2024
- 2024AI-Face: A Million-Scale Demographically Annotated AI-Generated Face Dataset and Fairness Benchmark2 Jun 2024
- 2024InstructAvatar: Text-Guided Emotion and Motion Control for Avatar Generation24 May 2024
- 2024Redundant Semantic Environment Filling via Misleading-Learning for Fair Deepfake Detection24 May 2024
- 2024FairLENS: Assessing Fairness in Law Enforcement Speech Recognition21 May 2024
- 2024TextAge: A Curated and Diverse Text Dataset for Age Classification2 May 2024
- 2024FairSSD: Understanding Bias in Synthetic Speech Detectors17 Apr 2024
- 2024MI-NeRF: Learning a Single Face NeRF from Multiple Identities29 Mar 2024
- 2024Superior and Pragmatic Talking Face Generation with Teacher-Student Framework26 Mar 2024
- 2024CLIP the Bias: How Useful is Balancing Data in Multimodal Learning?7 Mar 2024
- 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detection27 Feb 2024
- 2024Mask-up: Investigating Biases in Face Re-identification for Masked Faces21 Feb 2024
- 2024The Balancing Act: Unmasking and Alleviating ASR Biases in Portuguese12 Feb 2024
- 2024The Bias of Harmful Label Associations in Vision-Language Models11 Feb 2024
- 2024A structured regression approach for evaluating model performance across intersectional subgroups26 Jan 2024
- 2023Attribute Annotation and Bias Evaluation in Visual Datasets for Autonomous Driving11 Dec 2023
- 2023GAIA: Zero-shot Talking Avatar Generation26 Nov 2023
- 2023A Review and Roadmap of Deep Causal Model from Different Causal Structures and Representations2 Nov 2023
- 2023On Responsible Machine Learning Datasets with Fairness, Privacy, and Regulatory Norms24 Oct 2023
- 2023PrivacyGAN: robust generative image privacy19 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Exploring Fairness in Visual Transformer based Natural and GAN Image Detection Systems18 Oct 2023
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2023
- 2023Beyond Skin Tone: A Multidimensional Measure of Apparent Skin Color10 Sep 2023
- 2023FACET: Fairness in Computer Vision Evaluation Benchmark31 Aug 2023
- 2023DIG In: Evaluating Disparities in Image Generations with Indicators for Geographic Diversity11 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detection29 Jun 2023
- 2023Consensus and Subjectivity of Skin Tone Annotation for ML Fairness16 May 2023
- 2023Skin Deep: Investigating Subjectivity in Skin Tone Annotations for Computer Vision Benchmark Datasets15 May 2023
50 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
- 2024The Bias of Harmful Label Associations in Vision-Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024The Bias of Harmful Label Associations in Vision-Language Models11 Feb 2024
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2023
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2021A Survey on Bias in Visual Datasetscited by 84
- 2022Vision Models Are More Robust And Fair When Pretrained On Uncurated Images Without Supervisioncited by 80
- 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 70
- 2023FACET: Fairness in Computer Vision Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2021Mitigating Dataset Harms Requires Stewardship: Lessons from 1000 Paperscited by 49
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2023GAIA: Zero-shot Talking Avatar Generationcited by 43
- 2023Improving Fairness in Deepfake Detectioncited by 40
- 2022Towards Transparency in Dermatology Image Datasets with Skin Tone Annotations by Experts, Crowds, and an Algorithmcited by 35
- 2024CLIP the Bias: How Useful is Balancing Data in Multimodal Learning?cited by 35
- 2022FairGRAPE: Fairness-aware GRAdient Pruning mEthod for Face Attribute Classificationcited by 30
12 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets9 Jun 2026
- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2026
- 2026Demographic and Linguistic Bias Evaluation in Omnimodal Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Skin Tone Classification in the Wild2 Mar 2026
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detection13 Nov 2025
- 2025Auditing and Mitigating Bias in Gender Classification Algorithms: A Data-Centric Approach17 Oct 2025
- 2025LLM-Guided Synthetic Augmentation (LGSA) for Mitigating Bias in AI Systems15 Oct 2025
- 2025Bias Analysis for Synthetic Face Detection: A Case Study of the Impact of Facial Attributes25 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Individual Fairness in Deepfake Detection18 Jul 2025
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalize3 Jul 2025
- 2025TrustSkin: A Fairness Pipeline for Trustworthy Facial Affect Analysis Across Skin Tone27 May 2025
- 2025Training and Inference Efficiency of Encoder-Decoder Speech Models7 Mar 2025
12 newest of 76 All 76 (JSON)