mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

BiHPF: Bilateral High-Pass Filters for Robust Deepfake Detection

arXiv 2109.00911 ↗First posted 16 Aug 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 60

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The advancement in numerous generative models has a two-fold effect: a simple and easy generation of realistic synthesized images, but also an increased risk of malicious abuse of those images. Thus, it is important to develop a generalized detector for synthesized images of any GAN model or object category, including those unseen during the training phase. However, the conventional methods heavily depend on the training settings, which cause a dramatic decline in performance when tested with unknown domains. To resolve the issue and obtain a generalized detection ability, we propose Bilateral High-Pass Filters (BiHPF), which amplify the effect of the frequency-level artifacts that are known to be found in the synthesized images of generative models. Numerous experimental results validate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods, even when tested with unseen domains.

Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Aug 2021.

Builds on

27 of 46 references.

References · 27

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  4. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  5. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  6. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  7. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
  8. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
  9. 2015LSUN: Construction of a Large-scale Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loopcited by 1,350
  10. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
  11. 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,036
  12. 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 842
15 more
  1. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
  2. 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 501
  3. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
  4. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 294
  5. 2019Detecting and Simulating Artifacts in GAN Fake Imagescited by 293
  6. 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 278
  7. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
  8. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
  9. 2018Do GANs leave artificial fingerprints?cited by 188
  10. 2018Fighting Fake News: Image Splice Detection via Learned Self-Consistencycited by 136
  11. 2018ForensicTransfer: Weakly-supervised Domain Adaptation for Forgery Detectioncited by 104
  12. 2021KoDF: A Large-scale Korean DeepFake Detection Datasetcited by 80
  13. 2019Unmasking DeepFakes with simple Featurescited by 78
  14. 2019Hybrid LSTM and Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Detection of Image Forgeriescited by 59
  15. 2020Deepfakes Detection with Automatic Face Weightingcited by 35

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 15; 2025: 21; 2026: 14.

60 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 180
  2. 2024C2P-CLIP: Injecting Category Common Prompt in CLIP to Enhance Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 111
  3. 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 102
  4. 2024Leveraging Representations from Intermediate Encoder-blocks for Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 88
  5. 2024Improving Synthetic Image Detection Towards Generalization: An Image Transformation Perspectivecited by 88
  6. 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
  7. 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
  8. 2024A Single Simple Patch is All You Need for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 43
  9. 2024On Learning Multi-Modal Forgery Representation for Diffusion Generated Video Detectioncited by 40
  10. 2023PTW: Pivotal Tuning Watermarking for Pre-Trained Image Generatorscited by 34
  11. 2025Bridging the Gap Between Ideal and Real-world Evaluation: Benchmarking AI-Generated Image Detection in Challenging Scenarioscited by 24
  12. 2024Frequency-Aware Deepfake Detection: Improving Generalizability through Frequency Space Learningcited by 20
38 more
  1. 2024UnMarker: A Universal Attack on Defensive Image Watermarkingcited by 19
  2. 2022Exposing Deepfake Face Forgeries with Guided Residualscited by 17
  3. 2024Language-guided Hierarchical Fine-grained Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 16
  4. 2023Unified Frequency-Assisted Transformer Framework for Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Manipulationcited by 14
  5. 2024ForgeLens: Data-Efficient Forgery Focus for Generalizable Forgery Image Detectioncited by 14
  6. 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 12
  7. 2024Data-Independent Operator: A Training-Free Artifact Representation Extractor for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  8. 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
  9. 2026LLaVA-FA: Learning Fourier Approximation for Compressing Large Multimodal Modelscited by 10
  10. 2025FerretNet: Efficient Synthetic Image Detection via Local Pixel Dependenciescited by 9
  11. 2025Towards Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detection via Image-Adaptive Prompt Learningcited by 8
  12. 2025Scaling Up AI-Generated Image Detection with Generator-Aware Prototypescited by 8
  13. 2024ODDN: Addressing Unpaired Data Challenges in Open-World Deepfake Detection on Online Social Networkscited by 6
  14. 2022General GAN-generated image detection by data augmentation in fingerprint domaincited by 5
  15. 2023Towards Robust GAN-generated Image Detection: a Multi-view Completion Representationcited by 5
  16. 2024Are handcrafted filters helpful for attributing AI-generated images?cited by 5
  17. 2025Unleashing the Potential of Consistency Learning for Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulationcited by 5
  18. 2025ForenX: Towards Explainable AI-Generated Image Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 4
  19. 2025DGS-Net: Distillation-Guided Gradient Surgery for CLIP Fine-Tuning in AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 4
  20. 2026Layer Consistency Matters: Elegant Latent Transition Discrepancy for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 4
  21. 2026SciFigDetect: A Benchmark for AI-Generated Scientific Figure Detectioncited by 4
  22. 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
  23. 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Imagescited by 2
  24. 2025Detecting Localized Deepfake Manipulations Using Action Unit-Guided Video Representationscited by 2
  25. 2025Rethinking the Use of Vision Transformers for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 2
  26. 2026FIND: A Simple yet Effective Baseline for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 2
  27. 2025Synthetic Art Generation and DeepFake Detection A Study on Jamini Roy Inspired Datasetcited by 1
  28. 2025Exploring the Collaborative Advantage of Low-level Information on Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 1
  29. 2025Lightweight Joint Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection via Single-Stream Multi-Modal Learning Frameworkcited by 1
  30. 2025SFNet: Fusion of Spatial and Frequency-Domain Features for Remote Sensing Image Forgery Detectioncited by 1
  31. 2025SONAR: Spectral-Contrastive Audio Residuals for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
  32. 2026Detecting AI-Generated Images via Distributional Deviations from Real Imagescited by 1
  33. 2026Reduce the Artifacts Bias for More Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 1
  34. 2026SpecSem-Net: Integrating Spectral and Semantic Features for Robust AI-generated Video Detectioncited by 1
  35. 2026DRIFT: From Robustness Gaps to Invariance Manifolds for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 1
  36. 2023Cross-domain Robust Deepfake Bias Expansion Network for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 0
  37. 2025LDR-Net: A Novel Framework for AI-generated Image Detection via Localized Discrepancy Representationcited by 0
  38. 2025LAMM-ViT: AI Face Detection via Layer-Aware Modulation of Region-Guided Attentioncited by 0

50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)