mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

TextStyleBrush: Transfer of Text Aesthetics from a Single Example

arXiv 2106.08385 ↗First posted 15 Jun 2021cs.CVcited by 48

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present a novel approach for disentangling the content of a text image from all aspects of its appearance. The appearance representation we derive can then be applied to new content, for one-shot transfer of the source style to new content. We learn this disentanglement in a self-supervised manner. Our method processes entire word boxes, without requiring segmentation of text from background, per-character processing, or making assumptions on string lengths. We show results in different text domains which were previously handled by specialized methods, e.g., scene text, handwritten text. To these ends, we make a number of technical contributions: (1) We disentangle the style and content of a textual image into a non-parametric, fixed-dimensional vector. (2) We propose a novel approach inspired by StyleGAN but conditioned over the example style at different resolution and content. (3) We present novel self-supervised training criteria which preserve both source style and target content using a pre-trained font classifier and text recognizer. Finally, (4) we also introduce Imgur5K, a new challenging dataset for handwritten word images. We offer numerous qualitative photo-realistic results of our method. We further show that our method surpasses previous work in quantitative tests on scene text and handwriting datasets, as well as in a user study.

Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2021.

Builds on

40 of 72 references.

References · 40

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  3. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  4. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  5. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  6. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
  7. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
  8. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  9. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
  10. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,678
  11. 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
  12. 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,696
28 more
  1. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
  2. 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,095
  3. 2018Multimodal Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 795
  4. 2016Synthetic Data for Text Localisation in Natural Imagescited by 396
  5. 2019Few-Shot Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translationcited by 222
  6. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
  7. 2019What Is Wrong With Scene Text Recognition Model Comparisons? Dataset and Model Analysiscited by 191
  8. 2021TextOCR: Towards large-scale end-to-end reasoning for arbitrary-shaped scene textcited by 170
  9. 2018Scene Text Detection and Recognition: The Deep Learning Eracited by 114
  10. 2020Mask TextSpotter v3: Segmentation Proposal Network for Robust Scene Text Spottingcited by 114
  11. 2017Multi-Content GAN for Few-Shot Font Style Transfercited by 100
  12. 2019Editing Text in the Wildcited by 81
  13. 2020ScrabbleGAN: Semi-Supervised Varying Length Handwritten Text Generationcited by 69
  14. 2018Spatial Fusion GAN for Image Synthesiscited by 68
  15. 2020GANwriting: Content-Conditioned Generation of Styled Handwritten Word Imagescited by 68
  16. 2018Geometry Score: A Method For Comparing Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 56
  17. 2020SwapText: Image Based Texts Transfer in Scenescited by 49
  18. 2019STEFANN: Scene Text Editor using Font Adaptive Neural Networkcited by 46
  19. 2020Rethinking Text Segmentation: A Novel Dataset and A Text-Specific Refinement Approachcited by 45
  20. 2019Adversarial Generation of Handwritten Text Images Conditioned on Sequencescited by 37
  21. 2020Text and Style Conditioned GAN for Generation of Offline Handwriting Linescited by 35
  22. 2016Awesome Typography: Statistics-Based Text Effects Transfercited by 24
  23. 2018Retrieval-Enhanced Adversarial Training for Neural Response Generationcited by 22
  24. 2018Generating Handwritten Chinese Characters using CycleGANcited by 21
  25. 2021A Multiplexed Network for End-to-End, Multilingual OCRcited by 18
  26. 2019SynthText3D: Synthesizing Scene Text Images from 3D Virtual Worldscited by 15
  27. 2019Weak Supervision for Generating Pixel-Level Annotations in Scene Text Segmentationcited by 14
  28. 2019Selective Style Transfer for Textcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 9; 2024: 12; 2025: 12; 2026: 8.

48 papers.

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  1. 2023TextDiffuser: Diffusion Models as Text Painterscited by 223
  2. 2022Versatile Diffusion: Text, Images and Variations All in One Diffusion Modelcited by 199
  3. 2025FineVision: Open Data Is All You Needcited by 51
  4. 2023Improving Diffusion Models for Scene Text Editing with Dual Encoderscited by 44
  5. 2024TextCtrl: Diffusion-based Scene Text Editing with Prior Guidance Controlcited by 44
  6. 2023Brush Your Text: Synthesize Any Scene Text on Images via Diffusion Modelcited by 41
  7. 2023Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypescited by 32
  8. 2026LocateAnything: Fast and High-Quality Vision-Language Grounding with Parallel Box Decodingcited by 20
  9. 2022Don't Forget Me: Accurate Background Recovery for Text Removal via Modeling Local-Global Contextcited by 18
  10. 2023TextPainter: Multimodal Text Image Generation with Visual-harmony and Text-comprehension for Poster Designcited by 18
  11. 2024VATr++: Choose Your Words Wisely for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 18
  12. 2025Visual Text Processing: A Comprehensive Review and Unified Evaluationcited by 18
36 more
  1. 2024Layout Agnostic Scene Text Image Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 14
  2. 2025Zero-Shot Styled Text Image Generation, but Make It Autoregressivecited by 13
  3. 2022AttentionHTR: Handwritten Text Recognition Based on Attention Encoder-Decoder Networkscited by 12
  4. 2022Mimetic Models: Ethical Implications of AI that Acts Like Youcited by 11
  5. 2024Kinetic Typography Diffusion Modelcited by 9
  6. 2024Intelligent Artistic Typography: A Comprehensive Review of Artistic Text Design and Generationcited by 9
  7. 2024Visual Text Meets Low-level Vision: A Comprehensive Survey on Visual Text Processingcited by 8
  8. 2025LocateAnything3D: Vision-Language 3D Detection with Chain-of-Sightcited by 8
  9. 2022GenText: Unsupervised Artistic Text Generation via Decoupled Font and Texture Manipulationcited by 6
  10. 2023FASTER: A Font-Agnostic Scene Text Editing and Rendering Frameworkcited by 6
  11. 2024Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognitioncited by 6
  12. 2025Detecting Visual Information Manipulation Attacks in Augmented Reality: A Multimodal Semantic Reasoning Approachcited by 6
  13. 2023Show Me the World in My Language: Establishing the First Baseline for Scene-Text to Scene-Text Translationcited by 5
  14. 2024Typographic Text Generation with Off-the-Shelf Diffusion Modelcited by 5
  15. 2023Scene Style Text Editingcited by 4
  16. 2022APRNet: Attention-based Pixel-wise Rendering Network for Photo-Realistic Text Image Generationcited by 3
  17. 2022Task Grouping for Multilingual Text Recognitioncited by 3
  18. 2024DeepEraser: Deep Iterative Context Mining for Generic Text Erasercited by 3
  19. 2025PP-DocBee: Improving Multimodal Document Understanding Through a Bag of Trickscited by 3
  20. 2025Autoregressive Styled Text Image Generation, but Make it Reliablecited by 3
  21. 2026StyleTextGen: Style-Conditioned Multilingual Scene Text Generationcited by 3
  22. 2023Weakly Supervised Scene Text Generation for Low-resource Languagescited by 2
  23. 2024InkSight: Offline-to-Online Handwriting Conversion by Teaching Vision-Language Models to Read and Writecited by 2
  24. 2024Semi-Supervised Adaptation of Diffusion Models for Handwritten Text Generationcited by 2
  25. 2025Beyond Flat Text: Dual Self-inherited Guidance for Visual Text Generationcited by 2
  26. 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?cited by 2
  27. 2025FW-GAN: Frequency-Driven Handwriting Synthesis with Wave-Modulated MLP Generatorcited by 1
  28. 2026CONSTANT: Towards High-Quality One-Shot Handwriting Generation with Patch Contrastive Enhancement and Style-Aware Quantizationcited by 1
  29. 2026Q-Mask: Query-driven Causal Masks for Text Anchoring in OCR-Oriented Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
  30. 2024Text Image Generation for Low-Resource Languages with Dual Translation Learningcited by 0
  31. 2025SceneTextStylizer: A Training-Free Scene Text Style Transfer Framework with Diffusion Modelcited by 0
  32. 2025Global-Local Aware Scene Text Editingcited by 0
  33. 2026Show, don't tell -- Providing Visual Error Feedback for Handwritten Documentscited by 0
  34. 2026Towards Training-Free Scene Text Editingcited by 0
  35. 2026SpiS-GAN: Spiral-Modulated Handwriting Synthesis with Star Operationcited by 0
  36. 2026Beyond Legibility: Benchmarking Visual Text Rendering and In-Place Editing in Unified Video Generationcited by 0