MOTS: Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper extends the popular task of multi-object tracking to multi-object tracking and segmentation (MOTS). Towards this goal, we create dense pixel-level annotations for two existing tracking datasets using a semi-automatic annotation procedure. Our new annotations comprise 65,213 pixel masks for 977 distinct objects (cars and pedestrians) in 10,870 video frames. For evaluation, we extend existing multi-object tracking metrics to this new task. Moreover, we propose a new baseline method which jointly addresses detection, tracking, and segmentation with a single convolutional network. We demonstrate the value of our datasets by achieving improvements in performance when training on MOTS annotations. We believe that our datasets, metrics and baseline will become a valuable resource towards developing multi-object tracking approaches that go beyond 2D bounding boxes. We make our annotations, code, and models available at https://www.vision.rwth-aachen.de/page/mots.
Key facts. Cited by 222 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Feb 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 56; 2022: 57; 2023: 48; 2024: 31; 2025: 17; 2026: 13.
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- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2023PointOdyssey: A Large-Scale Synthetic Dataset for Long-Term Point Trackingcited by 274
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2021Mask2Former for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 169
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
- 2021Occluded Video Instance Segmentation: A Benchmarkcited by 154
- 2021Unidentified Video Objects: A Benchmark for Dense, Open-World Segmentationcited by 133
- 2021A Survey on Deep Learning Technique for Video Segmentationcited by 132
- 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Surveycited by 124
- 2022A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videoscited by 99
38 more
- 2022In Defense of Online Models for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 97
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021Crossover Learning for Fast Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 83
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
- 2022Video K-Net: A Simple, Strong, and Unified Baseline for Video Segmentationcited by 79
- 2021STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixelcited by 72
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
- 2021Multiple Object Tracking with Correlation Learningcited by 67
- 2022BURST: A Benchmark for Unifying Object Recognition, Segmentation and Tracking in Videocited by 66
- 2022Hard to Track Objects with Irregular Motions and Similar Appearances? Make It Easier by Buffering the Matching Spacecited by 66
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 64
- 2021The Multi-Temporal Urban Development SpaceNet Datasetcited by 62
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2022Waymo Open Dataset: Panoramic Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 57
- 2022Temporally Efficient Vision Transformer for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 55
- 2021Opening up Open-World Trackingcited by 50
- 2023SparseTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Performing Scene Decomposition based on Pseudo-Depthcited by 48
- 2022GIAOTracker: A comprehensive framework for MCMOT with global information and optimizing strategies in VisDrone 2021cited by 46
- 2023Towards Open-Vocabulary Video Instance Segmentationcited by 45
- 2021Prototypical Cross-Attention Networks for Multiple Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 43
- 2021Tracking Pedestrian Heads in Dense Crowdcited by 42
- 2021TF-Blender: Temporal Feature Blender for Video Object Detectioncited by 37
- 2022Amodal Panoptic Segmentationcited by 37
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2021PolyphonicFormer: Unified Query Learning for Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 36
- 2022TubeFormer-DeepLab: Video Mask Transformercited by 35
- 20224D-StOP: Panoptic Segmentation of 4D LiDAR using Spatio-temporal Object Proposal Generation and Aggregationcited by 35
- 2022DeepFusionMOT: A 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework Based on Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Deep Associationcited by 33
- 2022Self-Supervised Learning via Maximum Entropy Codingcited by 33
- 2023EarlyBird: Early-Fusion for Multi-View Tracking in the Bird's Eye Viewcited by 33
- 2023TarViS: A Unified Approach for Target-based Video Segmentationcited by 32
- 2022PolarMOT: How Far Can Geometric Relations Take Us in 3D Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 29
- 2022Video Mask Transfiner for High-Quality Video Instance Segmentationcited by 28
- 2022Quo Vadis: Is Trajectory Forecasting the Key Towards Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 28
- 2023Focus On Details: Online Multi-object Tracking with Diverse Fine-grained Representationcited by 25
- 2024Lifting Multi-View Detection and Tracking to the Bird's Eye Viewcited by 25
- 2023Video-kMaX: A Simple Unified Approach for Online and Near-Online Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 24
50 most cited of 222 All 222 (JSON)
- 2026iSEE: Object Permanence Through Self-Supervision1 Oct 2026
- 2026Towards Automatic Video Annotation with ASH: Zero-Shot Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation1 Oct 2026
- 2026UGO: Unified Architecture for General Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Segment Any Motion with Radar: Robust Multimodal Moving-Object Segmentation and Tracking8 Sep 2026
- 2026Face De-Identification: A Domain-Centric Survey from Capture to Processing28 Jul 2026
- 2026SA-VIS: Sparse frame Annotations for training Video Instance Segmentation18 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene-Centric Unsupervised Video Panoptic Segmentation3 Jun 2026
- 2026Seg2Track++: Probabilistic Track Validation and Data Association for Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation2 Jun 2026
- 2026A Survey on Deep Learning Architectures for Point Cloud Classification and Segmentation16 May 2026
- 2026Position: Early-Stage Quality Assurance in Annotation Pipelines Is More Cost-Effective Than Late-Stage Validation15 May 2026
- 2026ConFixGS: Learning to Fix Feedforward 3D Gaussian Splatting with Confidence-Aware Diffusion Priors in Driving Scenes10 May 2026
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
38 more
- 2026EnerGS: Energy-Based Gaussian Splatting with Partial Geometric Priors29 Apr 2026
- 2025Training-Free Global Geometric Association for 4D LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation22 Dec 2025
- 2025Seg2Track-SAM2: SAM2-based Multi-object Tracking and Segmentation15 Sep 2025
- 2025An HMM-based framework for identity-aware long-term multi-object tracking from sparse and uncertain identification: use case on long-term tracking in livestock12 Sep 2025
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Universal Video Segmentation Model26 Aug 2025
- 2025SMTrack: End-to-End Trained Spiking Neural Networks for Multi-Object Tracking in RGB Videos20 Aug 2025
- 2025SIS-Challenge: Event-based Spatio-temporal Instance Segmentation Challenge at the CVPR 2025 Event-based Vision Workshop18 Aug 2025
- 2025Channel-wise Motion Features for Efficient Motion Segmentation17 Jul 2025
- 2025CrowdTrack: A Benchmark for Difficult Multiple Pedestrian Tracking in Real Scenarios3 Jul 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Multimodal NeRF for Autonomous Driving24 Jun 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Video Scene Parsing:Advances, Challenges, and Prospects16 Jun 2025
- 2025A Robust Deep Networks based Multi-Object MultiCamera Tracking System for City Scale Traffic1 May 2025
- 2025GATE3D: Generalized Attention-based Task-synergized Estimation in 3D*15 Apr 2025
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking3 Apr 2025
- 2025Scene-Centric Unsupervised Panoptic Segmentation2 Apr 2025
- 2025GISE-TTT:A Framework for Global InformationSegmentation and Enhancement1 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning Appearance and Motion Cues for Panoptic Tracking12 Mar 2025
- 2024AI-Powered CPS-Enabled Vulnerable-User-Aware Urban Transportation Digital Twin: Methods and Applications30 Dec 2024
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentation12 Dec 2024
- 2024Beyond Boxes: Mask-Guided Spatio-Temporal Feature Aggregation for Video Object Detection6 Dec 2024
- 2024SyncVIS: Synchronized Video Instance Segmentation1 Dec 2024
- 2024CrossTracker: Robust Multi-modal 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Cross Correction28 Nov 2024
- 2024Enhancing Thermal MOT: A Novel Box Association Method Leveraging Thermal Identity and Motion Similarity20 Nov 2024
- 2024Temporal-Enhanced Multimodal Transformer for Referring Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation17 Oct 2024
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2024Comparing Zealous and Restrained AI Recommendations in a Real-World Human-AI Collaboration Task6 Oct 2024
- 2024Leveraging Object Priors for Point Tracking9 Sep 2024
- 2024MouseSIS: A Frames-and-Events Dataset for Space-Time Instance Segmentation of Mice5 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving Weakly-supervised Video Instance Segmentation by Leveraging Spatio-temporal Consistency29 Aug 2024
- 2024Mismatched: Evaluating the Limits of Image Matching Approaches and Benchmarks29 Aug 2024
- 2024Estimating Dynamic Flow Features in Groups of Tracked Objects29 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaTrack: A Simple Baseline for Multiple Object Tracking with State Space Model17 Aug 2024
- 2024Spb3DTracker: A Robust LiDAR-Based Person Tracker for Noisy Environment12 Aug 2024
- 2024Visible-Thermal Multiple Object Tracking: Large-scale Video Dataset and Progressive Fusion Approach2 Aug 2024
- 2024DenseTrack: Drone-based Crowd Tracking via Density-aware Motion-appearance Synergy24 Jul 2024
- 2024POPCat: Propagation of particles for complex annotation tasks24 Jun 2024
- 2024DGD: Dynamic 3D Gaussians Distillation29 May 2024
50 newest of 222 All 222 (JSON)
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2023PointOdyssey: A Large-Scale Synthetic Dataset for Long-Term Point Trackingcited by 274
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2021Mask2Former for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 169
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
- 2021Occluded Video Instance Segmentation: A Benchmarkcited by 154
- 2021Unidentified Video Objects: A Benchmark for Dense, Open-World Segmentationcited by 133
- 2021A Survey on Deep Learning Technique for Video Segmentationcited by 132
- 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Surveycited by 124
- 2022A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videoscited by 99
12 most cited of 218 All 218 (JSON)
- 2026iSEE: Object Permanence Through Self-Supervision1 Oct 2026
- 2026Towards Automatic Video Annotation with ASH: Zero-Shot Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation1 Oct 2026
- 2026UGO: Unified Architecture for General Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Segment Any Motion with Radar: Robust Multimodal Moving-Object Segmentation and Tracking8 Sep 2026
- 2026Face De-Identification: A Domain-Centric Survey from Capture to Processing28 Jul 2026
- 2026SA-VIS: Sparse frame Annotations for training Video Instance Segmentation18 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene-Centric Unsupervised Video Panoptic Segmentation3 Jun 2026
- 2026Seg2Track++: Probabilistic Track Validation and Data Association for Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation2 Jun 2026
- 2026A Survey on Deep Learning Architectures for Point Cloud Classification and Segmentation16 May 2026
- 2026Position: Early-Stage Quality Assurance in Annotation Pipelines Is More Cost-Effective Than Late-Stage Validation15 May 2026
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026EnerGS: Energy-Based Gaussian Splatting with Partial Geometric Priors29 Apr 2026
12 newest of 218 All 218 (JSON)