SoccerNet: A Scalable Dataset for Action Spotting in Soccer Videos
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce SoccerNet, a benchmark for action spotting in soccer videos. The dataset is composed of 500 complete soccer games from six main European leagues, covering three seasons from 2014 to 2017 and a total duration of 764 hours. A total of 6,637 temporal annotations are automatically parsed from online match reports at a one minute resolution for three main classes of events (Goal, Yellow/Red Card, and Substitution). As such, the dataset is easily scalable. These annotations are manually refined to a one second resolution by anchoring them at a single timestamp following well-defined soccer rules. With an average of one event every 6.9 minutes, this dataset focuses on the problem of localizing very sparse events within long videos. We define the task of spotting as finding the anchors of soccer events in a video. Making use of recent developments in the realm of generic action recognition and detection in video, we provide strong baselines for detecting soccer events. We show that our best model for classifying temporal segments of length one minute reaches a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 67.8%. For the spotting task, our baseline reaches an Average-mAP of 49.7% for tolerances δ ranging from 5 to 60 seconds. Our dataset and models are available at https://silviogiancola.github.io/SoccerNet.
Key facts. Cited by 148 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 15; 2023: 15; 2024: 26; 2025: 38; 2026: 39.
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- 2023MeMOTR: Long-Term Memory-Augmented Transformer for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 86
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2023SoccerNet-Caption: Dense Video Captioning for Soccer Broadcasts Commentariescited by 57
- 2025StreamMind: Unlocking Full Frame Rate Streaming Video Dialogue through Event-Gated Cognitioncited by 44
- 2021Camera Calibration and Player Localization in SoccerNet-v2 and Investigation of their Representations for Action Spottingcited by 43
- 2025Ask in Any Modality: A Comprehensive Survey on Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 42
- 2024Sports-QA: A Large-Scale Video Question Answering Benchmark for Complex and Professional Sportscited by 41
- 2023VARS: Video Assistant Referee System for Automated Soccer Decision Making from Multiple Viewscited by 38
- 2024MatchTime: Towards Automatic Soccer Game Commentary Generationcited by 37
- 2021Class Semantics-based Attention for Action Detectioncited by 36
- 2022DeepSportradar-v1: Computer Vision Dataset for Sports Understanding with High Quality Annotationscited by 35
- 2021Deep Learning-based Action Detection in Untrimmed Videos: A Surveycited by 32
38 more
- 2021Temporally-Aware Feature Pooling for Action Spotting in Soccer Broadcastscited by 30
- 2022SoccerNet 2022 Challenges Resultscited by 28
- 2021Feature Combination Meets Attention: Baidu Soccer Embeddings and Transformer based Temporal Detectioncited by 27
- 2022Temporally Precise Action Spotting in Soccer Videos Using Dense Detection Anchorscited by 27
- 2022A Survey on Video Action Recognition in Sports: Datasets, Methods and Applicationscited by 27
- 2025Improving LLM Video Understanding with 16 Frames Per Secondcited by 26
- 2022Semi-Supervised Training to Improve Player and Ball Detection in Soccercited by 25
- 2024X-VARS: Introducing Explainability in Football Refereeing with Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 22
- 2025LiveStar: Live Streaming Assistant for Real-World Online Video Understandingcited by 22
- 2022A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision in Sports: Open Issues, Future Trends and Research Directionscited by 21
- 2024T-DEED: Temporal-Discriminability Enhancer Encoder-Decoder for Precise Event Spotting in Sports Videoscited by 21
- 2024Towards Universal Soccer Video Understandingcited by 21
- 2023SoccerNet 2023 Challenges Resultscited by 20
- 2023NurViD: A Large Expert-Level Video Database for Nursing Procedure Activity Understandingcited by 20
- 2021RMS-Net: Regression and Masking for Soccer Event Spottingcited by 19
- 2024Dual DETRs for Multi-Label Temporal Action Detectioncited by 18
- 2025Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive Soccer Understandingcited by 18
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Sports Video: Unsupervised Player Classificationcited by 17
- 2023COMEDIAN: Self-Supervised Learning and Knowledge Distillation for Action Spotting using Transformerscited by 17
- 2024AutoSoccerPose: Automated 3D posture Analysis of Soccer Shot Movementscited by 15
- 2021Ice hockey player identification via transformers and weakly supervised learningcited by 14
- 2022Action Spotting using Dense Detection Anchors Revisited: Submission to the SoccerNet Challenge 2022cited by 14
- 2023Towards Active Learning for Action Spotting in Association Football Videoscited by 14
- 2024SportsHHI: A Dataset for Human-Human Interaction Detection in Sports Videoscited by 14
- 2024A Universal Protocol to Benchmark Camera Calibration for Sportscited by 14
- 2025WorldPose: A World Cup Dataset for Global 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 13
- 2025TimeSoccer: An End-to-End Multimodal Large Language Model for Soccer Commentary Generationcited by 13
- 2024SoccerNet-Echoes: A Soccer Game Audio Commentary Datasetcited by 12
- 2023A Survey of Deep Learning in Sports Applications: Perception, Comprehension, and Decisioncited by 11
- 2024Action Detection via an Image Diffusion Processcited by 11
- 2022Automatic event detection in football using tracking datacited by 10
- 2022Faster-TAD: Towards Temporal Action Detection with Proposal Generation and Classification in a Unified Networkcited by 10
- 2022A Graph-Based Method for Soccer Action Spotting Using Unsupervised Player Classificationcited by 10
- 2025SoccerMaster: A Vision Foundation Model for Soccer Understandingcited by 10
- 2022Scene Consistency Representation Learning for Video Scene Segmentationcited by 9
- 2025Action Anticipation from SoccerNet Football Video Broadcastscited by 9
- 2024Unifying Global and Local Scene Entities Modelling for Precise Action Spottingcited by 8
- 2024Towards AI-Powered Video Assistant Referee System (VARS) for Association Footballcited by 8
50 most cited of 148 All 148 (JSON)
- 2026BMASH: Ball-Motion-Aware Soccer Header Spotting30 Sep 2026
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- 2026Audio for Sports Highlight Detection: A Comparative Empirical Study15 Sep 2026
- 2026Concord: A Video Relational Algebra for Cross-Modal Query Optimization4 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Comprehensive Basketball Understanding24 Aug 2026
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- 2026A Survey of Large Models in Sports14 Aug 2026
- 2026Capturing Uncertainty in Human Motion for Representation Learning in Soccer11 Aug 2026
- 2026Entity-Aware Sequence Transduction for Player-Centric Ball Action Spotting3 Aug 2026
- 2026BasketEvent: Understanding Who Did What and When in Basketball Videos23 Jul 2026
- 2026SportD: How do VLMs physically strategize?16 Jul 2026
- 2026SoccerNet 2026 Challenges Results8 Jul 2026
38 more
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- 2026AVTrack: Audio-Visual Tracking in Human-centric Complex Scenes1 Jun 2026
- 2026SVI-Bench: A Dynamic Microworld for Strategic Video Intelligence29 May 2026
- 2026SoccerLens: Grounded Soccer Video Understanding Beyond Accuracy10 May 2026
- 2026VideoNet: A Large-Scale Dataset for Domain-Specific Action Recognition4 May 2026
- 2026SoccerRef-Agents: Multi-Agent System for Automated Soccer Refereeing25 Apr 2026
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- 2026GenTac: Generative Modeling and Forecasting of Soccer Tactics13 Apr 2026
- 2026Towards Athlete Fatigue Assessment from Association Football Videos7 Apr 2026
- 2026BoxComm: Benchmarking Category-Aware Commentary Generation and Narration Rhythm in Boxing6 Apr 2026
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- 2026TennisExpert: Towards Expert-Level Analytical Sports Video Understanding11 Mar 2026
- 2026Stepping VLMs onto the Court: Benchmarking Spatial Intelligence in Sports10 Mar 2026
- 2026GTATrack: Winner Solution to SoccerTrack 2025 with Deep-EIoU and Global Tracklet Association31 Jan 2026
- 2026ShotFinder: Imagination-Driven Open-Domain Video Shot Retrieval via Web Search30 Jan 2026
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- 2026VideoHEDGE: Entropy-Based Hallucination Detection for Video-VLMs via Semantic Clustering and Spatiotemporal Perturbations13 Jan 2026
- 2025SoccerMaster: A Vision Foundation Model for Soccer Understanding11 Dec 2025
- 2025CompanionCast: Toward Social Collaboration with Multi-Agent Systems in Shared Experiences11 Dec 2025
- 2025FOOTPASS: A Multi-Modal Multi-Agent Tactical Context Dataset for Play-by-Play Action Spotting in Soccer Broadcast Videos20 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Skill-Attributes for Transferable Assessment in Video17 Nov 2025
- 2025Pixels or Positions? Benchmarking Modalities in Group Activity Recognition16 Nov 2025
- 2025MCAD: Multimodal Context-Aware Audio Description Generation For Soccer12 Nov 2025
- 2025LiveStar: Live Streaming Assistant for Real-World Online Video Understanding7 Nov 2025
- 2025X-Ego: Acquiring Team-Level Tactical Situational Awareness via Cross-Egocentric Contrastive Video Representation Learning22 Oct 2025
- 2025Addressing the ID-Matching Challenge in Long Video Captioning8 Oct 2025
- 2025Video Understanding by Design: How Datasets Shape Video Models11 Sep 2025
- 2025SoccerHigh: A Benchmark Dataset for Automatic Soccer Video Summarization1 Sep 2025
50 newest of 148 All 148 (JSON)
- 2025Improving LLM Video Understanding with 16 Frames Per Secondcited by 26
- 2024X-VARS: Introducing Explainability in Football Refereeing with Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 22
- 2025TimeSoccer: An End-to-End Multimodal Large Language Model for Soccer Commentary Generationcited by 13
- 2025Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understandingcited by 7
- 2026VideoHEDGE: Entropy-Based Hallucination Detection for Video-VLMs via Semantic Clustering and Spatiotemporal Perturbationscited by 1
- 2025FALCONEye: Finding Answers and Localizing Content in ONE-hour-long videos with multi-modal LLMscited by 0
- 2026BoxComm: Benchmarking Category-Aware Commentary Generation and Narration Rhythm in Boxingcited by 0
- 2026SoccerLens: Grounded Soccer Video Understanding Beyond Accuracycited by 0
- 2026Learning to Deny: Action Denial in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Concord: A Video Relational Algebra for Cross-Modal Query Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Concord: A Video Relational Algebra for Cross-Modal Query Optimization4 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Deny: Action Denial in Multimodal Large Language Models30 Jun 2026
- 2026SoccerLens: Grounded Soccer Video Understanding Beyond Accuracy10 May 2026
- 2026BoxComm: Benchmarking Category-Aware Commentary Generation and Narration Rhythm in Boxing6 Apr 2026
- 2026VideoHEDGE: Entropy-Based Hallucination Detection for Video-VLMs via Semantic Clustering and Spatiotemporal Perturbations13 Jan 2026
- 2025Domain Adaptation of VLM for Soccer Video Understanding20 May 2025
- 2025TimeSoccer: An End-to-End Multimodal Large Language Model for Soccer Commentary Generation24 Apr 2025
- 2025FALCONEye: Finding Answers and Localizing Content in ONE-hour-long videos with multi-modal LLMs25 Mar 2025
- 2025Improving LLM Video Understanding with 16 Frames Per Second18 Mar 2025
- 2024X-VARS: Introducing Explainability in Football Refereeing with Multi-Modal Large Language Model7 Apr 2024
- 2025Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive Soccer Understandingcited by 18
- 2026SoccerRef-Agents: Multi-Agent System for Automated Soccer Refereeingcited by 0
- 2026SVI-Bench: A Dynamic Microworld for Strategic Video Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026Semantic Action Graph: A Shared Representation for Agent Grounding and Human Interpretation of Sports Highlightscited by 0
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- 2026SVI-Bench: A Dynamic Microworld for Strategic Video Intelligence29 May 2026
- 2026SoccerRef-Agents: Multi-Agent System for Automated Soccer Refereeing25 Apr 2026
- 2025Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive Soccer Understanding6 May 2025
- 2023MeMOTR: Long-Term Memory-Augmented Transformer for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 86
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2023SoccerNet-Caption: Dense Video Captioning for Soccer Broadcasts Commentariescited by 57
- 2025StreamMind: Unlocking Full Frame Rate Streaming Video Dialogue through Event-Gated Cognitioncited by 44
- 2021Camera Calibration and Player Localization in SoccerNet-v2 and Investigation of their Representations for Action Spottingcited by 43
- 2024Sports-QA: A Large-Scale Video Question Answering Benchmark for Complex and Professional Sportscited by 41
- 2023VARS: Video Assistant Referee System for Automated Soccer Decision Making from Multiple Viewscited by 38
- 2024MatchTime: Towards Automatic Soccer Game Commentary Generationcited by 37
- 2021Class Semantics-based Attention for Action Detectioncited by 36
- 2022DeepSportradar-v1: Computer Vision Dataset for Sports Understanding with High Quality Annotationscited by 35
- 2021Deep Learning-based Action Detection in Untrimmed Videos: A Surveycited by 32
- 2021Temporally-Aware Feature Pooling for Action Spotting in Soccer Broadcastscited by 30
12 most cited of 132 All 132 (JSON)
- 2026BMASH: Ball-Motion-Aware Soccer Header Spotting30 Sep 2026
- 2026Audio for Sports Highlight Detection: A Comparative Empirical Study15 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Comprehensive Basketball Understanding24 Aug 2026
- 2026StreamSoccer: Event-Driven Memory for Streaming Soccer Commentary20 Aug 2026
- 2026A Survey of Large Models in Sports14 Aug 2026
- 2026Capturing Uncertainty in Human Motion for Representation Learning in Soccer11 Aug 2026
- 2026Entity-Aware Sequence Transduction for Player-Centric Ball Action Spotting3 Aug 2026
- 2026BasketEvent: Understanding Who Did What and When in Basketball Videos23 Jul 2026
- 2026SportD: How do VLMs physically strategize?16 Jul 2026
- 2026SoccerNet 2026 Challenges Results8 Jul 2026
- 2026Event Detection in Videos: A Framework for the Development of New Methods5 Jul 2026
- 2026SkillSpotter: Pose-Aware Multi-View Skilled Action Detection and Grading in Ego-Exo Videos30 Jun 2026
12 newest of 132 All 132 (JSON)