VR-Drive: Viewpoint-Robust End-to-End Driving with Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Generative simulation for driving
Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) has emerged as a promising paradigm that unifies perception, prediction, and planning into a holistic, data-driven framework. However, achieving robustness to varying camera viewpoints, a common real-world challenge due to diverse vehicle configurations, remains an open problem. In this work, we propose VR-Drive, a novel E2E-AD framework that addresses viewpoint generalization by jointly learning 3D scene reconstruction as an auxiliary task to enable planning-aware view synthesis. Unlike prior scene-specific synthesis approaches, VR-Drive adopts a feed-forward inference strategy that supports online training-time augmentation from sparse views without additional annotations. To further improve viewpoint consistency, we introduce a viewpoint-mixed memory bank that facilitates temporal interaction across multiple viewpoints and a viewpoint-consistent distillation strategy that transfers knowledge from original to synthesized views. Trained in a fully end-to-end manner, VR-Drive effectively mitigates synthesis-induced noise and improves planning under viewpoint shifts. In addition, we release a new benchmark dataset to evaluate E2E-AD performance under novel camera viewpoints, enabling comprehensive analysis. Our results demonstrate that VR-Drive is a scalable and robust solution for the real-world deployment of end-to-end autonomous driving systems.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Generative simulation for driving, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 68 of its 75 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Oct 2025.
Builds on
68 of 75 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Bridging Past and Future: End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Historical Prediction and Planning18 Mar
- 2024GraphAD: Interaction Scene Graph for End-to-end Autonomous Driving28 Mar
- 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Driving18 Feb
- 2023OccWorld: Learning a 3D Occupancy World Model for Autonomous Driving27 Nov
Other references · 64
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- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
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- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
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- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
- 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
38 more
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- 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 527
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
- 2020Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 380
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
- 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
- 2023Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 359
- 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 344
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 324
- 2023LMDrive: Closed-Loop End-to-End Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 301
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- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 239
- 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 218
- 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
- 2023Scene as Occupancycited by 208
- 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coachcited by 191
- 2023Rethinking the Open-Loop Evaluation of End-to-End Autonomous Driving in nuScenescited by 191
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- 2022Sparse4D: Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Sparse Spatial-Temporal Fusioncited by 161
- 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Modelcited by 161
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 159
- 2019End-to-End Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving using Implicit Affordancescited by 147
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- 2024VLP: Vision Language Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
- 2025DriveTransformer: Unified Transformer for Scalable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
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- 2024MagicDrive3D: Controllable 3D Generation for Any-View Rendering in Street Scenescited by 70
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 5.
5 papers.
- 2026NimbusGS: Unified 3D Scene Reconstruction under Hybrid Weathercited by 2
- 2026HEAT: Heterogeneous End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Trajectory-Guided World Modelscited by 2
- 2026Towards Viewpoint-Robust End-to-End Autonomous Driving with 3D Foundation Model Priorscited by 0
- 2026DarkVGGT: Seeing Through Darkness Using Thermal Geometry without Daylight Taxcited by 0
- 2026VIPS: Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperative Planning Benchmark via Pseudo-Simulationcited by 0
- 2026VIPS: Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperative Planning Benchmark via Pseudo-Simulation2 Sep 2026
- 2026DarkVGGT: Seeing Through Darkness Using Thermal Geometry without Daylight Tax9 Jun 2026
- 2026HEAT: Heterogeneous End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Trajectory-Guided World Models19 May 2026
- 2026Towards Viewpoint-Robust End-to-End Autonomous Driving with 3D Foundation Model Priors1 Apr 2026
- 2026NimbusGS: Unified 3D Scene Reconstruction under Hybrid Weather28 Mar 2026
Similar, not cited
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- 2024Drive-1-to-3: Enriching Diffusion Priors for Novel View Synthesis of Real Vehicles
- 2025FreeGen: Feed-Forward Reconstruction-Generation Co-Training for Free-Viewpoint Driving Scene Synthesis
- 2025VGD: Visual Geometry Gaussian Splatting for Feed-Forward Surround-view Driving Reconstruction
- 2026DVGT-2: Vision-Geometry-Action Model for Autonomous Driving at Scale
- 2026USR-Drive: Unified Driving Scene Representation via Joint Denoising of 3D Gaussians and Boxes
- 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey
- 2024DreamDrive: Generative 4D Scene Modeling from Street View Images
- 2026VGGDrive: Empowering Vision-Language Models with Cross-View Geometric Grounding for Autonomous Driving