mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

VR-Drive: Viewpoint-Robust End-to-End Driving with Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2510.23205 ↗First posted 27 Oct 2025cs.CVcited by 5

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Generative simulation for driving

Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) has emerged as a promising paradigm that unifies perception, prediction, and planning into a holistic, data-driven framework. However, achieving robustness to varying camera viewpoints, a common real-world challenge due to diverse vehicle configurations, remains an open problem. In this work, we propose VR-Drive, a novel E2E-AD framework that addresses viewpoint generalization by jointly learning 3D scene reconstruction as an auxiliary task to enable planning-aware view synthesis. Unlike prior scene-specific synthesis approaches, VR-Drive adopts a feed-forward inference strategy that supports online training-time augmentation from sparse views without additional annotations. To further improve viewpoint consistency, we introduce a viewpoint-mixed memory bank that facilitates temporal interaction across multiple viewpoints and a viewpoint-consistent distillation strategy that transfers knowledge from original to synthesized views. Trained in a fully end-to-end manner, VR-Drive effectively mitigates synthesis-induced noise and improves planning under viewpoint shifts. In addition, we release a new benchmark dataset to evaluate E2E-AD performance under novel camera viewpoints, enabling comprehensive analysis. Our results demonstrate that VR-Drive is a scalable and robust solution for the real-world deployment of end-to-end autonomous driving systems.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Generative simulation for driving, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 68 of its 75 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Oct 2025.

Builds on

68 of 75 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Bridging Past and Future: End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Historical Prediction and Planning18 Mar
  2. 2024GraphAD: Interaction Scene Graph for End-to-end Autonomous Driving28 Mar
  3. 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Driving18 Feb
  4. 2023OccWorld: Learning a 3D Occupancy World Model for Autonomous Driving27 Nov

Other references · 64

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  4. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  5. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  6. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  7. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  8. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
  9. 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
  10. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
  11. 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
  12. 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
38 more
  1. 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
  2. 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 527
  3. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
  4. 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
  5. 2020Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 380
  6. 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
  7. 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
  8. 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
  9. 2023Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 359
  10. 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 344
  11. 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 324
  12. 2023LMDrive: Closed-Loop End-to-End Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 301
  13. 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planningcited by 287
  14. 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baselinecited by 247
  15. 2023Is Ego Status All You Need for Open-Loop End-to-End Autonomous Driving?cited by 242
  16. 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 239
  17. 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 218
  18. 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
  19. 2023Scene as Occupancycited by 208
  20. 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coachcited by 191
  21. 2023Rethinking the Open-Loop Evaluation of End-to-End Autonomous Driving in nuScenescited by 191
  22. 2021NEAT: Neural Attention Fields for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 174
  23. 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
  24. 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 168
  25. 2022Sparse4D: Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Sparse Spatial-Temporal Fusioncited by 161
  26. 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Modelcited by 161
  27. 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 159
  28. 2019End-to-End Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving using Implicit Affordancescited by 147
  29. 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 142
  30. 2024VLP: Vision Language Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
  31. 2025DriveTransformer: Unified Transformer for Scalable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
  32. 2025GoalFlow: Goal-Driven Flow Matching for Multimodal Trajectories Generation in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 117
  33. 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
  34. 2023Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Modelscited by 95
  35. 2023ReasonNet: End-to-End Driving with Temporal and Global Reasoningcited by 92
  36. 2024VLM-AD: End-to-End Autonomous Driving through Vision-Language Model Supervisioncited by 85
  37. 2025Don't Shake the Wheel: Momentum-Aware Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 84
  38. 2024MagicDrive3D: Controllable 3D Generation for Any-View Rendering in Street Scenescited by 70

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 5.

5 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Drive-1-to-3: Enriching Diffusion Priors for Novel View Synthesis of Real Vehicles
  2. 2025FreeGen: Feed-Forward Reconstruction-Generation Co-Training for Free-Viewpoint Driving Scene Synthesis
  3. 2025VGD: Visual Geometry Gaussian Splatting for Feed-Forward Surround-view Driving Reconstruction
  4. 2026DVGT-2: Vision-Geometry-Action Model for Autonomous Driving at Scale
  5. 2026USR-Drive: Unified Driving Scene Representation via Joint Denoising of 3D Gaussians and Boxes
  6. 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey
  7. 2024DreamDrive: Generative 4D Scene Modeling from Street View Images
  8. 2026VGGDrive: Empowering Vision-Language Models with Cross-View Geometric Grounding for Autonomous Driving