mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ChatDoctor: A Medical Chat Model Fine-Tuned on a Large Language Model Meta-AI (LLaMA) Using Medical Domain Knowledge

arXiv 2303.14070 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2023cs.CLcited by 324

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Cited by 32 in Retrieval-augmented generation, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

The primary aim of this research was to address the limitations observed in the medical knowledge of prevalent large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, by creating a specialized language model with enhanced accuracy in medical advice. We achieved this by adapting and refining the large language model meta-AI (LLaMA) using a large dataset of 100,000 patient-doctor dialogues sourced from a widely used online medical consultation platform. These conversations were cleaned and anonymized to respect privacy concerns. In addition to the model refinement, we incorporated a self-directed information retrieval mechanism, allowing the model to access and utilize real-time information from online sources like Wikipedia and data from curated offline medical databases. The fine-tuning of the model with real-world patient-doctor interactions significantly improved the model's ability to understand patient needs and provide informed advice. By equipping the model with self-directed information retrieval from reliable online and offline sources, we observed substantial improvements in the accuracy of its responses. Our proposed ChatDoctor, represents a significant advancement in medical LLMs, demonstrating a significant improvement in understanding patient inquiries and providing accurate advice. Given the high stakes and low error tolerance in the medical field, such enhancements in providing accurate and reliable information are not only beneficial but essential.

Key facts. Cited by 324 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2023.

Builds on

6 of 19 references.

References · 6

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  3. 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
  4. 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
  5. 2023SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Modelscited by 787
  6. 2021Raise a Child in Large Language Model: Towards Effective and Generalizable Fine-tuningcited by 145

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 40; 2024: 112; 2025: 98; 2026: 74.

324 papers.

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  1. 2023MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoningcited by 311
  2. 2024BioMistral: A Collection of Open-Source Pretrained Large Language Models for Medical Domainscited by 299
  3. 2024A Survey on Knowledge Distillation of Large Language Modelscited by 276
  4. 2024Continual Learning of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 228
  5. 2025Lingshu: A Generalist Foundation Model for Unified Multimodal Medical Understanding and Reasoningcited by 217
  6. 2023Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-Specificitycited by 204
  7. 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 203
  8. 2024Rainbow Teaming: Open-Ended Generation of Diverse Adversarial Promptscited by 189
  9. 2023A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethicscited by 162
  10. 2023Med-HALT: Medical Domain Hallucination Test for Large Language Modelscited by 156
  11. 2024Language Models with Conformal Factuality Guaranteescited by 128
  12. 2024OpenFedLLM: Training Large Language Models on Decentralized Private Data via Federated Learningcited by 124
38 more
  1. 2023A Survey of Large Language Models in Medicine: Progress, Application, and Challengecited by 123
  2. 2024Vision-Language Models for Medical Report Generation and Visual Question Answering: A Reviewcited by 121
  3. 2023ChatEDA: A Large Language Model Powered Autonomous Agent for EDAcited by 118
  4. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Scientific Large Language Models and Their Applications in Scientific Discoverycited by 96
  5. 2024Keeping LLMs Aligned After Fine-tuning: The Crucial Role of Prompt Templatescited by 94
  6. 2023Can Knowledge Graphs Reduce Hallucinations in LLMs? : A Surveycited by 92
  7. 2023Conversational Health Agents: A Personalized LLM-Powered Agent Frameworkcited by 91
  8. 2024Towards Building Multilingual Language Model for Medicinecited by 91
  9. 2023DISC-MedLLM: Bridging General Large Language Models and Real-World Medical Consultationcited by 89
  10. 2023AlpaCare:Instruction-tuned Large Language Models for Medical Applicationcited by 88
  11. 2024Harmful Fine-tuning Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 86
  12. 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Modelscited by 85
  13. 2024Large Language Model (LLM) for Telecommunications: A Comprehensive Survey on Principles, Key Techniques, and Opportunitiescited by 83
  14. 2025MedRAG: Enhancing Retrieval-augmented Generation with Knowledge Graph-Elicited Reasoning for Healthcare Copilotcited by 83
  15. 2023EduChat: A Large-Scale Language Model-based Chatbot System for Intelligent Educationcited by 80
  16. 2024Foundation Model for Advancing Healthcare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directionscited by 77
  17. 2023MindMap: Knowledge Graph Prompting Sparks Graph of Thoughts in Large Language Modelscited by 73
  18. 2023Mental-LLM: Leveraging Large Language Models for Mental Health Prediction via Online Text Datacited by 66
  19. 2024Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) and Beyond: A Comprehensive Survey on How to Make your LLMs use External Data More Wiselycited by 65
  20. 2023XrayGPT: Chest Radiographs Summarization using Medical Vision-Language Modelscited by 61
  21. 2023DrugAssist: A Large Language Model for Molecule Optimizationcited by 57
  22. 2024GraphInstruct: Empowering Large Language Models with Graph Understanding and Reasoning Capabilitycited by 57
  23. 2024Survey on Knowledge Distillation for Large Language Models: Methods, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 55
  24. 2024Developing ChemDFM as a large language foundation model for chemistrycited by 51
  25. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Large Language Models and Multimodal Large Language Models in Medicinecited by 45
  26. 2023ChatCounselor: A Large Language Models for Mental Health Supportcited by 44
  27. 2023ChiMed-GPT: A Chinese Medical Large Language Model with Full Training Regime and Better Alignment to Human Preferencescited by 43
  28. 2024MedExpQA: Multilingual Benchmarking of Large Language Models for Medical Question Answeringcited by 43
  29. 2024Mixture-of-LoRAs: An Efficient Multitask Tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 38
  30. 2024BMRetriever: Tuning Large Language Models as Better Biomedical Text Retrieverscited by 38
  31. 2023ChatCAD+: Towards a Universal and Reliable Interactive CAD using LLMscited by 35
  32. 2024MedAdapter: Efficient Test-Time Adaptation of Large Language Models towards Medical Reasoningcited by 35
  33. 2024AI Hallucinations: A Misnomer Worth Clarifyingcited by 34
  34. 2024A Survey on Medical Large Language Models: Technology, Application, Trustworthiness, and Future Directionscited by 34
  35. 2024Hey, That's My Model! Introducing Chain & Hash, An LLM Fingerprinting Techniquecited by 34
  36. 2025A Survey of Scientific Large Language Models: From Data Foundations to Agent Frontierscited by 34
  37. 2024A Preliminary Study of o1 in Medicine: Are We Closer to an AI Doctor?cited by 33
  38. 2024Crabs: Consuming Resource via Auto-generation for LLM-DoS Attack under Black-box Settingscited by 33

50 most cited of 324 All 324 (JSON)