Aqulia-Med LLM: Pioneering Full-Process Open-Source Medical Language Models
On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Medical LLM alignment
Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, both closed-source LLMs and open-source communities have made significant strides, outperforming humans in various general domains. However, their performance in specific professional fields such as medicine, especially within the open-source community, remains suboptimal due to the complexity of medical knowledge. We propose Aquila-Med, a bilingual medical LLM based on Aquila, addressing these challenges through continue pre-training, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). We construct a large-scale Chinese and English medical dataset for continue pre-training and a high-quality SFT dataset, covering extensive medical specialties. Additionally, we develop a high-quality Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) dataset for further alignment. Aquila-Med achieves notable results across single-turn, multi-turn dialogues, and medical multiple-choice questions, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. We open-source the datasets and the entire training process, contributing valuable resources to the research community. Our models and datasets will released at https://huggingface.co/BAAI/AquilaMed-RL.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Medical LLM alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 25 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2024.
Builds on
25 of 29 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2023ChiMed-GPT: A Chinese Medical Large Language Model with Full Training Regime and Better Alignment to Human Preferences10 Nov
- 2023AlpaCare:Instruction-tuned Large Language Models for Medical Application23 Oct
- 2023Zhongjing: Enhancing the Chinese Medical Capabilities of Large Language Model through Expert Feedback and Real-world Multi-turn Dialogue7 Aug
- 2023HuatuoGPT, towards Taming Language Model to Be a Doctor24 May
Other references · 21
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
- 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,807
- 2020What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Examscited by 1,324
- 2019PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answeringcited by 1,271
- 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
- 2023RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignmentcited by 672
- 2023What Makes Good Data for Alignment? A Comprehensive Study of Automatic Data Selection in Instruction Tuningcited by 354
9 more
- 2023ChatDoctor: A Medical Chat Model Fine-Tuned on a Large Language Model Meta-AI (LLaMA) Using Medical Domain Knowledgecited by 324
- 2023Principle-Driven Self-Alignment of Language Models from Scratch with Minimal Human Supervisioncited by 318
- 2023How Abilities in Large Language Models are Affected by Supervised Fine-tuning Data Compositioncited by 222
- 2020MedDialog: Two Large-scale Medical Dialogue Datasetscited by 157
- 2023CMB: A Comprehensive Medical Benchmark in Chinesecited by 113
- 2024Advancing Multimodal Medical Capabilities of Geminicited by 88
- 2024UltraMedical: Building Specialized Generalists in Biomedicinecited by 67
- 2024Online Merging Optimizers for Boosting Rewards and Mitigating Tax in Alignmentcited by 28
- 2024DivTOD: Unleashing the Power of LLMs for Diversifying Task-Oriented Dialogue Representationscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2025FineMedLM-o1: Enhancing Medical Knowledge Reasoning Ability of LLM from Supervised Fine-Tuning to Test-Time Trainingcited by 19
- 2025Multimodal Large Language Models for Medicine: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 16
- 2024PIORS: Personalized Intelligent Outpatient Reception based on Large Language Model with Multi-Agents Medical Scenario Simulationcited by 8
- 2026Multi-turn Conversational AI from Text to Multimodal Interaction: Data, Models, Evaluation, and Open Challengescited by 1
- 2026Multi-turn Conversational AI from Text to Multimodal Interaction: Data, Models, Evaluation, and Open Challenges18 Aug 2026
- 2025Multimodal Large Language Models for Medicine: A Comprehensive Survey29 Apr 2025
- 2025FineMedLM-o1: Enhancing Medical Knowledge Reasoning Ability of LLM from Supervised Fine-Tuning to Test-Time Training16 Jan 2025
- 2024PIORS: Personalized Intelligent Outpatient Reception based on Large Language Model with Multi-Agents Medical Scenario Simulation21 Nov 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024CareBot: A Pioneering Full-Process Open-Source Medical Language Model
- 2026MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale
- 2023Qilin-Med: Multi-stage Knowledge Injection Advanced Medical Large Language Model
- 2025ChiMed 2.0: Advancing Chinese Medical Dataset in Facilitating Large Language Modeling
- 2026CURE-Med: Curriculum-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Multilingual Medical Reasoning
- 2025MedBench v4: A Robust and Scalable Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Medical Language Models, Multimodal Models, and Intelligent Agents
- 2025IIMedGPT: Promoting Large Language Model Capabilities of Medical Tasks by Efficient Human Preference Alignment
- 2023MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models