mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Aqulia-Med LLM: Pioneering Full-Process Open-Source Medical Language Models

arXiv 2406.12182 ↗First posted 18 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 4

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Medical LLM alignment

Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, both closed-source LLMs and open-source communities have made significant strides, outperforming humans in various general domains. However, their performance in specific professional fields such as medicine, especially within the open-source community, remains suboptimal due to the complexity of medical knowledge. We propose Aquila-Med, a bilingual medical LLM based on Aquila, addressing these challenges through continue pre-training, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). We construct a large-scale Chinese and English medical dataset for continue pre-training and a high-quality SFT dataset, covering extensive medical specialties. Additionally, we develop a high-quality Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) dataset for further alignment. Aquila-Med achieves notable results across single-turn, multi-turn dialogues, and medical multiple-choice questions, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. We open-source the datasets and the entire training process, contributing valuable resources to the research community. Our models and datasets will released at https://huggingface.co/BAAI/AquilaMed-RL.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Medical LLM alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 25 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2024.

Builds on

25 of 29 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023ChiMed-GPT: A Chinese Medical Large Language Model with Full Training Regime and Better Alignment to Human Preferences10 Nov
  2. 2023AlpaCare:Instruction-tuned Large Language Models for Medical Application23 Oct
  3. 2023Zhongjing: Enhancing the Chinese Medical Capabilities of Large Language Model through Expert Feedback and Real-world Multi-turn Dialogue7 Aug
  4. 2023HuatuoGPT, towards Taming Language Model to Be a Doctor24 May

Other references · 21

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  2. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  3. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  4. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
  5. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  6. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
  7. 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,807
  8. 2020What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Examscited by 1,324
  9. 2019PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answeringcited by 1,271
  10. 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
  11. 2023RAFT: Reward rAnked FineTuning for Generative Foundation Model Alignmentcited by 672
  12. 2023What Makes Good Data for Alignment? A Comprehensive Study of Automatic Data Selection in Instruction Tuningcited by 354
9 more
  1. 2023ChatDoctor: A Medical Chat Model Fine-Tuned on a Large Language Model Meta-AI (LLaMA) Using Medical Domain Knowledgecited by 324
  2. 2023Principle-Driven Self-Alignment of Language Models from Scratch with Minimal Human Supervisioncited by 318
  3. 2023How Abilities in Large Language Models are Affected by Supervised Fine-tuning Data Compositioncited by 222
  4. 2020MedDialog: Two Large-scale Medical Dialogue Datasetscited by 157
  5. 2023CMB: A Comprehensive Medical Benchmark in Chinesecited by 113
  6. 2024Advancing Multimodal Medical Capabilities of Geminicited by 88
  7. 2024UltraMedical: Building Specialized Generalists in Biomedicinecited by 67
  8. 2024Online Merging Optimizers for Boosting Rewards and Mitigating Tax in Alignmentcited by 28
  9. 2024DivTOD: Unleashing the Power of LLMs for Diversifying Task-Oriented Dialogue Representationscited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024CareBot: A Pioneering Full-Process Open-Source Medical Language Model
  2. 2026MedLLM: An Open Medical Language Model at the Sub-Billion Scale
  3. 2023Qilin-Med: Multi-stage Knowledge Injection Advanced Medical Large Language Model
  4. 2025ChiMed 2.0: Advancing Chinese Medical Dataset in Facilitating Large Language Modeling
  5. 2026CURE-Med: Curriculum-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Multilingual Medical Reasoning
  6. 2025MedBench v4: A Robust and Scalable Benchmark for Evaluating Chinese Medical Language Models, Multimodal Models, and Intelligent Agents
  7. 2025IIMedGPT: Promoting Large Language Model Capabilities of Medical Tasks by Efficient Human Preference Alignment
  8. 2023MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models