TURINGBENCH: A Benchmark Environment for Turing Test in the Age of Neural Text Generation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent progress in generative language models has enabled machines to generate astonishingly realistic texts. While there are many legitimate applications of such models, there is also a rising need to distinguish machine-generated texts from human-written ones (e.g., fake news detection). However, to our best knowledge, there is currently no benchmark environment with datasets and tasks to systematically study the so-called "Turing Test" problem for neural text generation methods. In this work, we present the TuringBench benchmark environment, which is comprised of (1) a dataset with 200K human- or machine-generated samples across 20 labels {Human, GPT-1, GPT-2_small, GPT-2_medium, GPT-2_large, GPT-2_xl, GPT-2_PyTorch, GPT-3, GROVER_base, GROVER_large, GROVER_mega, CTRL, XLM, XLNET_base, XLNET_large, FAIR_wmt19, FAIR_wmt20, TRANSFORMER_XL, PPLM_distil, PPLM_gpt2}, (2) two benchmark tasks -- i.e., Turing Test (TT) and Authorship Attribution (AA), and (3) a website with leaderboards. Our preliminary experimental results using TuringBench show that FAIR_wmt20 and GPT-3 are the current winners, among all language models tested, in generating the most human-like indistinguishable texts with the lowest F1 score by five state-of-the-art TT detection models. The TuringBench is available at: https://turingbench.ist.psu.edu/
Key facts. Cited by 119 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2021.
Builds on
46 of 78 references.
References · 46
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,106
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,304
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,320
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,322
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,880
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,133
- 2021Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsitycited by 3,044
- 2019XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understandingcited by 2,810
- 2019HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processingcited by 2,215
- 2019Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Contextcited by 1,835
- 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,186
- 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,089
34 more
- 2019DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generationcited by 842
- 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 797
- 2019CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generationcited by 757
- 2019Defending Against Neural Fake Newscited by 559
- 2019Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Modelscited by 511
- 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 492
- 2017"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detectioncited by 361
- 2017Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 335
- 2019Automatic Detection of Generated Text is Easiest when Humans are Fooledcited by 261
- 2018code2seq: Generating Sequences from Structured Representations of Codecited by 179
- 2019Facebook FAIR's WMT19 News Translation Task Submissioncited by 179
- 2020Automatic Detection of Machine Generated Text: A Critical Surveycited by 165
- 2019Clinically Accurate Chest X-Ray Report Generationcited by 139
- 2019Real or Fake? Learning to Discriminate Machine from Human Generated Textcited by 99
- 2020Residual Energy-Based Models for Text Generationcited by 95
- 2019Do Massively Pretrained Language Models Make Better Storytellers?cited by 90
- 2017Online Human-Bot Interactions: Detection, Estimation, and Characterizationcited by 64
- 2019The Limitations of Stylometry for Detecting Machine-Generated Fake Newscited by 63
- 2019Generating Sentiment-Preserving Fake Online Reviews Using Neural Language Models and Their Human- and Machine-based Detectioncited by 52
- 2020Neural Deepfake Detection with Factual Structure of Textcited by 41
- 2020Fact-Enhanced Synthetic News Generationcited by 22
- 2019Fake News Detection via NLP is Vulnerable to Adversarial Attackscited by 19
- 2020Facebook AI's WMT20 News Translation Task Submissioncited by 17
- 2020Limits of Detecting Text Generated by Large-Scale Language Modelscited by 15
- 2020Neural Language Generation: Formulation, Methods, and Evaluationcited by 13
- 2019Syntactic Recurrent Neural Network for Authorship Attributioncited by 10
- 2019Automated email Generation for Targeted Attacks using Natural Languagecited by 8
- 2019Style-aware Neural Model with Application in Authorship Attributioncited by 8
- 2020A Self-supervised Representation Learning of Sentence Structure for Authorship Attributioncited by 6
- 2020Topic-Preserving Synthetic News Generation: An Adversarial Deep Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 6
- 2017Assessing the Stylistic Properties of Neurally Generated Text in Authorship Attributioncited by 5
- 2017Leveraging Discourse Information Effectively for Authorship Attributioncited by 3
- 2016Authorship Attribution Using a Neural Network Language Modelcited by 2
- 2020Human or Machine: Automating Human Likeliness Evaluation of NLG Textscited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 26; 2024: 32; 2025: 28; 2026: 23.
119 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 768
- 2023AlpacaFarm: A Simulation Framework for Methods that Learn from Human Feedbackcited by 745
- 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 176
- 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 158
- 2023The Science of Detecting LLM-Generated Textscited by 128
- 2023M4: Multi-generator, Multi-domain, and Multi-lingual Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 120
- 2023A Survey on LLM-Generated Text Detection: Necessity, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 104
- 2023MGTBench: Benchmarking Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 91
- 2022Machine Generated Text: A Comprehensive Survey of Threat Models and Detection Methodscited by 79
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Surveycited by 75
- 2022Do Language Models Plagiarize?cited by 73
- 2023A Survey on Detection of LLMs-Generated Contentcited by 71
38 more
- 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 52
- 2023Fighting Fire with Fire: The Dual Role of LLMs in Crafting and Detecting Elusive Disinformationcited by 51
- 2024M4GT-Bench: Evaluation Benchmark for Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 43
- 2023ArguGPT: evaluating, understanding and identifying argumentative essays generated by GPT modelscited by 42
- 2022Attribution and Obfuscation of Neural Text Authorship: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 41
- 2024AI as Humanity's Salieri: Quantifying Linguistic Creativity of Language Models via Systematic Attribution of Machine Text against Web Textcited by 40
- 2023Fighting Fire with Fire: Can ChatGPT Detect AI-generated Text?cited by 39
- 2023GPT-who: An Information Density-based Machine-Generated Text Detectorcited by 39
- 2023Machine-Made Media: Monitoring the Mobilization of Machine-Generated Articles on Misinformation and Mainstream News Websitescited by 38
- 2023ConDA: Contrastive Domain Adaptation for AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 37
- 2024DetectRL: Benchmarking LLM-Generated Text Detection in Real-World Scenarioscited by 37
- 2023Smaller Language Models are Better Black-box Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 35
- 2024Are We in the AI-Generated Text World Already? Quantifying and Monitoring AIGT on Social Mediacited by 35
- 2022CoCo: Coherence-Enhanced Machine-Generated Text Detection Under Data Limitation With Contrastive Learningcited by 32
- 2025Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Modelscited by 32
- 2024On the Challenges and Opportunities in Generative AIcited by 31
- 2024SemEval-2024 Task 8: Multidomain, Multimodel and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 30
- 2022Findings of the The RuATD Shared Task 2022 on Artificial Text Detection in Russiancited by 29
- 2024Beemo: Benchmark of Expert-edited Machine-generated Outputscited by 26
- 2023Disinformation Capabilities of Large Language Modelscited by 25
- 2021Unsupervised and Distributional Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 23
- 2023How Reliable Are AI-Generated-Text Detectors? An Assessment Framework Using Evasive Soft Promptscited by 23
- 2024Detecting AI-Generated Text: Factors Influencing Detectability with Current Methodscited by 23
- 2023The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authorscited by 22
- 2023Does Human Collaboration Enhance the Accuracy of Identifying LLM-Generated Deepfake Texts?cited by 21
- 2024Authorship Obfuscation in Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 19
- 2024A Survey of AI-generated Text Forensic Systems: Detection, Attribution, and Characterizationcited by 19
- 2024How Well Can LLMs Echo Us? Evaluating AI Chatbots' Role-Play Ability with ECHOcited by 19
- 2024Text Generation: A Systematic Literature Review of Tasks, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 18
- 2024StyleRemix: Interpretable Authorship Obfuscation via Distillation and Perturbation of Style Elementscited by 18
- 2022Whodunit? Learning to Contrast for Authorship Attributioncited by 17
- 2024Are AI-Generated Text Detectors Robust to Adversarial Perturbations?cited by 16
- 2025Feature-Level Insights into Artificial Text Detection with Sparse Autoencoderscited by 14
- 2024EAGLE: A Domain Generalization Framework for AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 13
- 2023A Simple yet Efficient Ensemble Approach for AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 12
- 2023IMGTB: A Framework for Machine-Generated Text Detection Benchmarkingcited by 12
- 2024Fakes of Varying Shades: How Warning Affects Human Perception and Engagement Regarding LLM Hallucinationscited by 12
- 2025DETree: DEtecting Human-AI Collaborative Texts via Tree-Structured Hierarchical Representation Learningcited by 12
50 most cited of 119 All 119 (JSON)
- 2026Forging LLM Authorship Fingerprints with Targeted Rewriting30 Sep 2026
- 2026Policy-Conditioned AI-Use Detection: An Evidentiary Framework for Academic Publishing29 Sep 2026
- 2026C-HAT-Bench: Benchmarking Chinese AI-Text Detection Beyond Fully Generated Text26 Sep 2026
- 2026Are Human-Aligned Models Models of Humans? A Turing-Test Gap in Preference Alignment20 Sep 2026
- 2026MultiGhostBench: A Multilingual Benchmark for Long-Form LLM-Generated Text Attribution under Distribution Shifts2 Sep 2026
- 2026IndicDetect: Evaluating Cross-Lingual LLM-Generated Text Detection for Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil30 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Global Scalars: Synergizing Token-Level Statistics and Deep Semantics for Adversarial AIGC Text Detection28 Aug 2026
- 2026Relational Over-Regularization: Graph-Based AI-Generated Text Detection via Sentence Transition Deviation27 Aug 2026
- 2026Inverse Turing Bench: Evaluating Language Models as Judges of Human vs. AI Dialogue20 Jun 2026
- 2026Operation-Guided Progressive Human-to-AI Text Transformation Benchmark for Multi-Granularity AI-Text Detection4 Jun 2026
- 2026DetectZoo: A Unified Toolkit for AI-Generated Content Detection Across Text, Audio, and Image Modalities2 Jun 2026
- 2026Detector-Evasive LLM Paraphrasing via Constrained Policy Optimization29 May 2026
38 more
- 2026TSM-Bench: Detecting LLM-Generated Text in Real-World Wikipedia Editing Practices29 May 2026
- 2026On the Origin of Synthetic Information by Means of Steganographic Inheritance26 May 2026
- 2026DetectRL-X: Towards Reliable Multilingual and Real-World LLM-Generated Text Detection15 May 2026
- 2026MELD: Multi-Task Equilibrated Learning Detector for AI-Generated Text7 May 2026
- 2026Role-Aware Artificial Intelligence Across Augmentation and Automation in Human-Machine Symbiosis1 May 2026
- 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026AEyeDE: An Attention-Based Attribution Framework for AI-Generated Text Detection13 Apr 2026
- 2026C-ReD: A Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for AI-Generated Text Detection Derived from Real-World Prompts13 Apr 2026
- 2026Who Wrote the Book? Detecting and Attributing LLM Ghostwriters30 Mar 2026
- 2026InterPol: De-anonymizing LM Arena via Interpolated Preference Learning16 Mar 2026
- 2026MAGA-Bench: Machine-Augment-Generated Text via Alignment Detection Benchmark8 Jan 2026
- 2025POLIS-Bench: Towards Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of LLMs for Bilingual Policy Tasks in Governmental Scenarios4 Nov 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Dataset for Human vs. AI Generated Text Detection26 Oct 2025
- 2025DETree: DEtecting Human-AI Collaborative Texts via Tree-Structured Hierarchical Representation Learning20 Oct 2025
- 2025Tailored untruths: How personalisation challenges LLM safeguards14 Oct 2025
- 2025Span-level Detection of AI-generated Scientific Text via Contrastive Learning and Structural Calibration1 Oct 2025
- 2025Mixture of Detectors: A Compact View of Machine-Generated Text Detection26 Sep 2025
- 2025DetectAnyLLM: Towards Generalizable and Robust Detection of Machine-Generated Text Across Domains and Models15 Sep 2025
- 2025Paladin: Defending LLM-enabled Phishing Emails with a New Trigger-Tag Paradigm8 Sep 2025
- 2025CoCoNUTS: Concentrating on Content while Neglecting Uninformative Textual Styles for AI-Generated Peer Review Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025Two Birds with One Stone: Multi-Task Detection and Attribution of LLM-Generated Text19 Aug 2025
- 2025Limits of LLM Text Detectors in Education11 Aug 2025
- 2025The State Of TTS: A Case Study with Human Fooling Rates6 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Easy Wins: A Text Hardness-Aware Benchmark for LLM-generated Text Detection21 Jul 2025
- 2025AI Generated Text Detection Using Instruction Fine-tuned Large Language and Transformer-Based Models7 Jul 2025
- 2025WETBench: A Benchmark for Detecting Task-Specific Machine-Generated Text on Wikipedia4 Jul 2025
- 2025Stylometry recognizes human and LLM-generated texts in short samples1 Jul 2025
- 2025mdok of KInIT: Robustly Fine-tuned LLM for Binary and Multiclass AI-Generated Text Detection2 Jun 2025
- 2025CodeMirage: A Multi-Lingual Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated and Paraphrased Source Code from Production-Level LLMs27 May 2025
- 2025AI-generated Text Detection: A Multifaceted Approach to Binary and Multiclass Classification15 May 2025
- 2025Reliably Bounding False Positives: A Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection Framework via Multiscaled Conformal Prediction8 May 2025
- 2025Tracing Thought: Using Chain-of-Thought Reasoning to Identify the LLM Behind AI-Generated Text23 Apr 2025
- 2025OpenTuringBench: An Open-Model-based Benchmark and Framework for Machine-Generated Text Detection and Attribution15 Apr 2025
- 2025Increasing the Robustness of the Fine-tuned Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectors19 Mar 2025
- 2025Collaborative Evaluation of Deepfake Text with Deliberation-Enhancing Dialogue Systems6 Mar 2025
- 2025Feature-Level Insights into Artificial Text Detection with Sparse Autoencoders5 Mar 2025
- 2025Who Writes What: Unveiling the Impact of Author Roles on AI-generated Text Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2025Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Models17 Feb 2025
50 newest of 119 All 119 (JSON)
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Surveycited by 75
- 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Survey22 Jan 2024
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 768
- 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 176
- 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 158
- 2023The Science of Detecting LLM-Generated Textscited by 128
- 2023M4: Multi-generator, Multi-domain, and Multi-lingual Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 120
- 2023A Survey on LLM-Generated Text Detection: Necessity, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 104
- 2023MGTBench: Benchmarking Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 91
- 2022Machine Generated Text: A Comprehensive Survey of Threat Models and Detection Methodscited by 79
- 2022Do Language Models Plagiarize?cited by 73
- 2023A Survey on Detection of LLMs-Generated Contentcited by 71
- 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 52
- 2023Fighting Fire with Fire: The Dual Role of LLMs in Crafting and Detecting Elusive Disinformationcited by 51
12 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)
- 2026Forging LLM Authorship Fingerprints with Targeted Rewriting30 Sep 2026
- 2026Policy-Conditioned AI-Use Detection: An Evidentiary Framework for Academic Publishing29 Sep 2026
- 2026C-HAT-Bench: Benchmarking Chinese AI-Text Detection Beyond Fully Generated Text26 Sep 2026
- 2026MultiGhostBench: A Multilingual Benchmark for Long-Form LLM-Generated Text Attribution under Distribution Shifts2 Sep 2026
- 2026IndicDetect: Evaluating Cross-Lingual LLM-Generated Text Detection for Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil30 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Global Scalars: Synergizing Token-Level Statistics and Deep Semantics for Adversarial AIGC Text Detection28 Aug 2026
- 2026Relational Over-Regularization: Graph-Based AI-Generated Text Detection via Sentence Transition Deviation27 Aug 2026
- 2026Inverse Turing Bench: Evaluating Language Models as Judges of Human vs. AI Dialogue20 Jun 2026
- 2026Operation-Guided Progressive Human-to-AI Text Transformation Benchmark for Multi-Granularity AI-Text Detection4 Jun 2026
- 2026DetectZoo: A Unified Toolkit for AI-Generated Content Detection Across Text, Audio, and Image Modalities2 Jun 2026
- 2026Detector-Evasive LLM Paraphrasing via Constrained Policy Optimization29 May 2026
- 2026TSM-Bench: Detecting LLM-Generated Text in Real-World Wikipedia Editing Practices29 May 2026
12 newest of 109 All 109 (JSON)