mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

TURINGBENCH: A Benchmark Environment for Turing Test in the Age of Neural Text Generation

arXiv 2109.13296 ↗First posted 27 Sep 2021cs.CLcited by 119

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent progress in generative language models has enabled machines to generate astonishingly realistic texts. While there are many legitimate applications of such models, there is also a rising need to distinguish machine-generated texts from human-written ones (e.g., fake news detection). However, to our best knowledge, there is currently no benchmark environment with datasets and tasks to systematically study the so-called "Turing Test" problem for neural text generation methods. In this work, we present the TuringBench benchmark environment, which is comprised of (1) a dataset with 200K human- or machine-generated samples across 20 labels {Human, GPT-1, GPT-2_small, GPT-2_medium, GPT-2_large, GPT-2_xl, GPT-2_PyTorch, GPT-3, GROVER_base, GROVER_large, GROVER_mega, CTRL, XLM, XLNET_base, XLNET_large, FAIR_wmt19, FAIR_wmt20, TRANSFORMER_XL, PPLM_distil, PPLM_gpt2}, (2) two benchmark tasks -- i.e., Turing Test (TT) and Authorship Attribution (AA), and (3) a website with leaderboards. Our preliminary experimental results using TuringBench show that FAIR_wmt20 and GPT-3 are the current winners, among all language models tested, in generating the most human-like indistinguishable texts with the lowest F1 score by five state-of-the-art TT detection models. The TuringBench is available at: https://turingbench.ist.psu.edu/

Key facts. Cited by 119 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2021.

Builds on

46 of 78 references.

References · 46

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34 more
  1. 2019DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generationcited by 842
  2. 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 797
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  11. 2019Facebook FAIR's WMT19 News Translation Task Submissioncited by 179
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 26; 2024: 32; 2025: 28; 2026: 23.

119 papers.

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  1. 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 768
  2. 2023AlpacaFarm: A Simulation Framework for Methods that Learn from Human Feedbackcited by 745
  3. 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 176
  4. 2024RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 158
  5. 2023The Science of Detecting LLM-Generated Textscited by 128
  6. 2023M4: Multi-generator, Multi-domain, and Multi-lingual Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 120
  7. 2023A Survey on LLM-Generated Text Detection: Necessity, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 104
  8. 2023MGTBench: Benchmarking Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 91
  9. 2022Machine Generated Text: A Comprehensive Survey of Threat Models and Detection Methodscited by 79
  10. 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Surveycited by 75
  11. 2022Do Language Models Plagiarize?cited by 73
  12. 2023A Survey on Detection of LLMs-Generated Contentcited by 71
38 more
  1. 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 52
  2. 2023Fighting Fire with Fire: The Dual Role of LLMs in Crafting and Detecting Elusive Disinformationcited by 51
  3. 2024M4GT-Bench: Evaluation Benchmark for Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 43
  4. 2023ArguGPT: evaluating, understanding and identifying argumentative essays generated by GPT modelscited by 42
  5. 2022Attribution and Obfuscation of Neural Text Authorship: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 41
  6. 2024AI as Humanity's Salieri: Quantifying Linguistic Creativity of Language Models via Systematic Attribution of Machine Text against Web Textcited by 40
  7. 2023Fighting Fire with Fire: Can ChatGPT Detect AI-generated Text?cited by 39
  8. 2023GPT-who: An Information Density-based Machine-Generated Text Detectorcited by 39
  9. 2023Machine-Made Media: Monitoring the Mobilization of Machine-Generated Articles on Misinformation and Mainstream News Websitescited by 38
  10. 2023ConDA: Contrastive Domain Adaptation for AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 37
  11. 2024DetectRL: Benchmarking LLM-Generated Text Detection in Real-World Scenarioscited by 37
  12. 2023Smaller Language Models are Better Black-box Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 35
  13. 2024Are We in the AI-Generated Text World Already? Quantifying and Monitoring AIGT on Social Mediacited by 35
  14. 2022CoCo: Coherence-Enhanced Machine-Generated Text Detection Under Data Limitation With Contrastive Learningcited by 32
  15. 2025Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Modelscited by 32
  16. 2024On the Challenges and Opportunities in Generative AIcited by 31
  17. 2024SemEval-2024 Task 8: Multidomain, Multimodel and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 30
  18. 2022Findings of the The RuATD Shared Task 2022 on Artificial Text Detection in Russiancited by 29
  19. 2024Beemo: Benchmark of Expert-edited Machine-generated Outputscited by 26
  20. 2023Disinformation Capabilities of Large Language Modelscited by 25
  21. 2021Unsupervised and Distributional Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 23
  22. 2023How Reliable Are AI-Generated-Text Detectors? An Assessment Framework Using Evasive Soft Promptscited by 23
  23. 2024Detecting AI-Generated Text: Factors Influencing Detectability with Current Methodscited by 23
  24. 2023The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authorscited by 22
  25. 2023Does Human Collaboration Enhance the Accuracy of Identifying LLM-Generated Deepfake Texts?cited by 21
  26. 2024Authorship Obfuscation in Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 19
  27. 2024A Survey of AI-generated Text Forensic Systems: Detection, Attribution, and Characterizationcited by 19
  28. 2024How Well Can LLMs Echo Us? Evaluating AI Chatbots' Role-Play Ability with ECHOcited by 19
  29. 2024Text Generation: A Systematic Literature Review of Tasks, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 18
  30. 2024StyleRemix: Interpretable Authorship Obfuscation via Distillation and Perturbation of Style Elementscited by 18
  31. 2022Whodunit? Learning to Contrast for Authorship Attributioncited by 17
  32. 2024Are AI-Generated Text Detectors Robust to Adversarial Perturbations?cited by 16
  33. 2025Feature-Level Insights into Artificial Text Detection with Sparse Autoencoderscited by 14
  34. 2024EAGLE: A Domain Generalization Framework for AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 13
  35. 2023A Simple yet Efficient Ensemble Approach for AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 12
  36. 2023IMGTB: A Framework for Machine-Generated Text Detection Benchmarkingcited by 12
  37. 2024Fakes of Varying Shades: How Warning Affects Human Perception and Engagement Regarding LLM Hallucinationscited by 12
  38. 2025DETree: DEtecting Human-AI Collaborative Texts via Tree-Structured Hierarchical Representation Learningcited by 12

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