mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authors

arXiv 2303.03283 ↗First posted 6 Mar 2023cs.HC cs.CLcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship. In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation. We show an AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users do not consider themselves the owners and authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship. Personalization of AI-generated texts did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect, and higher levels of participants' influence on texts increased their sense of ownership. Participants were more likely to attribute ownership to supposedly human ghostwriters than AI ghostwriters, resulting in a higher ownership-authorship discrepancy for human ghostwriters. Rationalizations for authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters were similar. We discuss how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in AI in text-generation tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 111 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2023.

Builds on

23 of 111 references.

References · 23

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 7; 2026: 8.

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  1. 2023Beyond the Chat: Executable and Verifiable Text-Editing with LLMscited by 35
  2. 2024GhostWriter: Augmenting Collaborative Human-AI Writing Experiences Through Personalization and Agencycited by 18
  3. 2023User Experience Design Professionals' Perceptions of Generative Artificial Intelligencecited by 16
  4. 2025Co-Writing with AI, on Human Terms: Aligning Research with User Demands Across the Writing Processcited by 14
  5. 2024Generative Echo Chamber? Effects of LLM-Powered Search Systems on Diverse Information Seekingcited by 13
  6. 2024Authors' Values and Attitudes Towards AI-bridged Scalable Personalization of Creative Language Artscited by 13
  7. 2024The Great AI Witch Hunt: Reviewers Perception and (Mis)Conception of Generative AI in Research Writingcited by 6
  8. 2024A Review of Fairness and A Practical Guide to Selecting Context-Appropriate Fairness Metrics in Machine Learningcited by 3
  9. 2025Vibe Coding in Product Teams: Reconfiguring AI-Assisted Workflows, Prototyping, and Collaborationcited by 3
  10. 2025ACAI for SBOs: AI Co-creation for Advertising and Inspiration for Small Business Ownerscited by 2
  11. 2025Scaffolding Recursive Divergence and Convergence in Story Ideationcited by 2
  12. 2025Exploration vs. Fixation: Scaffolding Divergent and Convergent Thinking for Human-AI Co-Creation with Generative Modelscited by 2
10 more
  1. 2026Who Owns the Text? Design Patterns for Preserving Authorship in AI-Assisted Writingcited by 1
  2. 2026Designing Proactive Thought Partners for Writingcited by 1
  3. 2025Interaction Techniques that Encourage Longer Prompts Can Improve Psychological Ownership when Writing with AIcited by 0
  4. 2025TaleFrame: An Interactive Story Generation System with Fine-Grained Control and Large Language Modelscited by 0
  5. 2026When AI Blurs the Boundaries of Contribution: An Empirical Study of Authorship Calibrationcited by 0
  6. 2026"Nobody Did This": Contribution, Originality, and Accountability in Agent-Mediated Collaborationcited by 0
  7. 2026It Is Not My Code Anymorecited by 0
  8. 2026LLMs as Oracles: Reliance on LLMs for Subjective Personal Questionscited by 0
  9. 2026When No One Owns the Judgment: Accountability Under Contribution Dissolution in Human-AI Collaborationcited by 0
  10. 2026NarrativeSteward: Coordinating Delegation, Guidance, and Verification in Agent-Assisted Interactive Narrative Authoringcited by 0