mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

M4GT-Bench: Evaluation Benchmark for Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detection

arXiv 2402.11175 ↗First posted 17 Feb 2024cs.CLcited by 43

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Abstract (arXiv)

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has brought an unprecedented surge in machine-generated text (MGT) across diverse channels. This raises legitimate concerns about its potential misuse and societal implications. The need to identify and differentiate such content from genuine human-generated text is critical in combating disinformation, preserving the integrity of education and scientific fields, and maintaining trust in communication. In this work, we address this problem by introducing a new benchmark based on a multilingual, multi-domain, and multi-generator corpus of MGTs -- M4GT-Bench. The benchmark is compiled of three tasks: (1) mono-lingual and multi-lingual binary MGT detection; (2) multi-way detection where one need to identify, which particular model generated the text; and (3) mixed human-machine text detection, where a word boundary delimiting MGT from human-written content should be determined. On the developed benchmark, we have tested several MGT detection baselines and also conducted an evaluation of human performance. We see that obtaining good performance in MGT detection usually requires an access to the training data from the same domain and generators. The benchmark is available at https://github.com/mbzuai-nlp/M4GT-Bench.

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2024.

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35 of 43 references.

References · 35

  1. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  2. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  3. 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,362
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  5. 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
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  9. 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 490
  10. 2023How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detectioncited by 472
  11. 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defensecited by 401
  12. 2023Fast-DetectGPT: Efficient Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Text via Conditional Probability Curvaturecited by 278
23 more
  1. 2019Automatic Detection of Generated Text is Easiest when Humans are Fooledcited by 260
  2. 2023Provable Robust Watermarking for AI-Generated Textcited by 259
  3. 2024Spotting LLMs With Binoculars: Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 255
  4. 2021Adversarial GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark for Robustness Evaluation of Language Modelscited by 227
  5. 2023DetectLLM: Leveraging Log Rank Information for Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 207
  6. 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learningcited by 187
  7. 2021TURINGBENCH: A Benchmark Environment for Turing Test in the Age of Neural Text Generationcited by 118
  8. 2023M4: Multi-generator, Multi-domain, and Multi-lingual Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 118
  9. 2023Protecting Language Generation Models via Invisible Watermarkingcited by 81
  10. 2021Sparks: Inspiration for Science Writing using Language Modelscited by 80
  11. 2023OUTFOX: LLM-Generated Essay Detection Through In-Context Learning with Adversarially Generated Examplescited by 80
  12. 2023RewriteLM: An Instruction-Tuned Large Language Model for Text Rewritingcited by 67
  13. 2022Real or Fake Text?: Investigating Human Ability to Detect Boundaries Between Human-Written and Machine-Generated Textcited by 63
  14. 2023The Next Chapter: A Study of Large Language Models in Storytellingcited by 58
  15. 2023Stylometric Detection of AI-Generated Text in Twitter Timelinescited by 57
  16. 2020Neural Deepfake Detection with Factual Structure of Textcited by 40
  17. 2024Few-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Text using Style Representationscited by 40
  18. 2023GPT-who: An Information Density-based Machine-Generated Text Detectorcited by 38
  19. 2020RoFT: A Tool for Evaluating Human Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 36
  20. 2022CoCo: Coherence-Enhanced Machine-Generated Text Detection Under Data Limitation With Contrastive Learningcited by 32
  21. 2022Adversarial Robustness of Neural-Statistical Features in Detection of Generative Transformerscited by 25
  22. 2024Authorship Obfuscation in Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 19
  23. 2024Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Multigenerator, Multidomain, and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 13; 2025: 20; 2026: 10.

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  1. 2024SemEval-2024 Task 8: Multidomain, Multimodel and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 30
  2. 2024Beemo: Benchmark of Expert-edited Machine-generated Outputscited by 26
  3. 2024LLM-DetectAIve: a Tool for Fine-Grained Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 25
  4. 2025Exploring and Mitigating Adversarial Manipulation of Voting-Based Leaderboardscited by 19
  5. 2024MultiSocial: Multilingual Benchmark of Machine-Generated Text Detection of Social-Media Textscited by 14
  6. 2025Machine-generated text detection prevents language model collapsecited by 14
  7. 2025DETree: DEtecting Human-AI Collaborative Texts via Tree-Structured Hierarchical Representation Learningcited by 12
  8. 2025GenAI Content Detection Task 1: English and Multilingual Machine-Generated Text Detection: AI vs. Humancited by 11
  9. 2024On the Generalization and Adaptation Ability of Machine-Generated Text Detectors in Academic Writingcited by 10
  10. 2025Stress-testing Machine Generated Text Detection: Shifting Language Models Writing Style to Fool Detectorscited by 9
  11. 2024Detection of Human and Machine-Authored Fake News in Urducited by 7
  12. 2025KatFishNet: Detecting LLM-Generated Korean Text through Linguistic Feature Analysiscited by 6
31 more
  1. 2024Survey on Plagiarism Detection in Large Language Models: The Impact of ChatGPT and Gemini on Academic Integritycited by 5
  2. 2025VaxGuard: A Multi-Generator, Multi-Type, and Multi-Role Dataset for Detecting LLM-Generated Vaccine Misinformationcited by 5
  3. 2024Synthetic Lyrics Detection Across Languages and Genrescited by 4
  4. 2025Synthetic Artifact Auditing: Tracing LLM-Generated Synthetic Data Usage in Downstream Applicationscited by 4
  5. 2024A Survey on Automatic Credibility Assessment Using Textual Credibility Signals in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 3
  6. 2025Not all tokens are created equal: Perplexity Attention Weighted Networks for AI generated text detectioncited by 3
  7. 2025Who Writes What: Unveiling the Impact of Author Roles on AI-generated Text Detectioncited by 3
  8. 2025Robust and Fine-Grained Detection of AI Generated Textscited by 3
  9. 2025Beyond Easy Wins: A Text Hardness-Aware Benchmark for LLM-generated Text Detectioncited by 3
  10. 2025On the Detectability of LLM-Generated Text: What Exactly Is LLM-Generated Text?cited by 3
  11. 2024Sharif-MGTD at SemEval-2024 Task 8: A Transformer-Based Approach to Detect Machine Generated Textcited by 2
  12. 2024RKadiyala at SemEval-2024 Task 8: Black-Box Word-Level Text Boundary Detection in Partially Machine Generated Textscited by 2
  13. 2025PhantomHunter: Detecting Unseen Privately-Tuned LLM-Generated Text via Family-Aware Learningcited by 2
  14. 2025LLMTrace: A Corpus for Classification and Fine-Grained Localization of AI-Written Textcited by 2
  15. 2025Machine Text Detectors are Membership Inference Attackscited by 2
  16. 2026Who Wrote the Book? Detecting and Attributing LLM Ghostwriterscited by 2
  17. 2026TSM-Bench: Detecting LLM-Generated Text in Real-World Wikipedia Editing Practicescited by 2
  18. 2024MasonTigers at SemEval-2024 Task 8: Performance Analysis of Transformer-based Models on Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 1
  19. 2024Unmasking the Imposters: How Censorship and Domain Adaptation Affect the Detection of Machine-Generated Tweetscited by 1
  20. 2025"I know myself better, but not really greatly": How Well Can LLMs Detect and Explain LLM-Generated Texts?cited by 1
  21. 2025Two Birds with One Stone: Multi-Task Detection and Attribution of LLM-Generated Textcited by 1
  22. 2026MAGA-Bench: Machine-Augment-Generated Text via Alignment Detection Benchmarkcited by 1
  23. 2026MELD: Multi-Task Equilibrated Learning Detector for AI-Generated Textcited by 1
  24. 2026Operation-Guided Progressive Human-to-AI Text Transformation Benchmark for Multi-Granularity AI-Text Detectioncited by 1
  25. 2026Hitting a Moving Target: Test-Time Adaptation for AI Text Detection under Continual Distribution Shiftcited by 1
  26. 2026ARB: A Matched Authorship-Rewriting Benchmark Dataset for AI-Text Detector Evaluationcited by 1
  27. 2025SENTRA: Selected-Next-Token Transformer for LLM Text Detectioncited by 0
  28. 2025Mixture of Detectors: A Compact View of Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
  29. 2026On the Salience of Low-Probability Tokens for AI-Generated Text Detection: A Multiscale Uncertainty Perspectivecited by 0
  30. 2026C-HAT-Bench: Benchmarking Chinese AI-Text Detection Beyond Fully Generated Textcited by 0
  31. 2026Using LLMs to Detect LLM-Generated Texts: A Cross-Generation Analysiscited by 0