mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PatchCleanser: Certifiably Robust Defense against Adversarial Patches for Any Image Classifier

arXiv 2108.09135 ↗First posted 20 Aug 2021cs.CV cs.CRcited by 63

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Abstract (arXiv)

The adversarial patch attack against image classification models aims to inject adversarially crafted pixels within a restricted image region (i.e., a patch) for inducing model misclassification. This attack can be realized in the physical world by printing and attaching the patch to the victim object; thus, it imposes a real-world threat to computer vision systems. To counter this threat, we design PatchCleanser as a certifiably robust defense against adversarial patches. In PatchCleanser, we perform two rounds of pixel masking on the input image to neutralize the effect of the adversarial patch. This image-space operation makes PatchCleanser compatible with any state-of-the-art image classifier for achieving high accuracy. Furthermore, we can prove that PatchCleanser will always predict the correct class labels on certain images against any adaptive white-box attacker within our threat model, achieving certified robustness. We extensively evaluate PatchCleanser on the ImageNet, ImageNette, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, and Flowers-102 datasets and demonstrate that our defense achieves similar clean accuracy as state-of-the-art classification models and also significantly improves certified robustness from prior works. Remarkably, PatchCleanser achieves 83.9% top-1 clean accuracy and 62.1% top-1 certified robust accuracy against a 2%-pixel square patch anywhere on the image for the 1000-class ImageNet dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 56 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Aug 2021.

Builds on

56 of 83 references.

References · 56

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38 more
  1. 2020Reliable evaluation of adversarial robustness with an ensemble of diverse parameter-free attackscited by 1,442
  2. 2021MLP-Mixer: An all-MLP Architecture for Visioncited by 1,441
  3. 2019Certified Adversarial Robustness via Randomized Smoothingcited by 1,324
  4. 2018Obfuscated Gradients Give a False Sense of Security: Circumventing Defenses to Adversarial Examplescited by 1,259
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  13. 2017Adversarial Patchcited by 514
  14. 2018Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutionscited by 505
  15. 2017Feature Squeezing: Detecting Adversarial Examples in Deep Neural Networkscited by 484
  16. 2018Certified Robustness to Adversarial Examples with Differential Privacycited by 462
  17. 2021ResMLP: Feedforward networks for image classification with data-efficient trainingcited by 338
  18. 2019Provably Robust Deep Learning via Adversarially Trained Smoothed Classifierscited by 328
  19. 2018Certified Defenses against Adversarial Examplescited by 305
  20. 2017MagNet: a Two-Pronged Defense against Adversarial Examplescited by 268
  21. 2017On Detecting Adversarial Perturbationscited by 232
  22. 2021Vision Transformers are Robust Learnerscited by 208
  23. 2018SentiNet: Detecting Localized Universal Attacks Against Deep Learning Systemscited by 148
  24. 2018DPatch: An Adversarial Patch Attack on Object Detectorscited by 146
  25. 2018LaVAN: Localized and Visible Adversarial Noisecited by 112
  26. 2020Certified Defenses for Adversarial Patchescited by 100
  27. 2020(De)Randomized Smoothing for Certifiable Defense against Patch Attackscited by 97
  28. 2018Local Gradients Smoothing: Defense against localized adversarial attackscited by 85
  29. 2020PatchAttack: A Black-box Texture-based Attack with Reinforcement Learningcited by 67
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  32. 2019Robustness Certificates for Sparse Adversarial Attacks by Randomized Ablationcited by 59
  33. 2020Adversarial Training against Location-Optimized Adversarial Patchescited by 50
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  38. 2021PatchGuard++: Efficient Provable Attack Detection against Adversarial Patchescited by 29

50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 8; 2023: 20; 2024: 18; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

63 papers.

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  1. 2023Visual Adversarial Examples Jailbreak Aligned Large Language Modelscited by 307
  2. 2024Certifiably Robust RAG against Retrieval Corruptioncited by 144
  3. 2021Harnessing Perceptual Adversarial Patches for Crowd Countingcited by 39
  4. 2023Jedi: Entropy-based Localization and Removal of Adversarial Patchescited by 35
  5. 2023Elijah: Eliminating Backdoors Injected in Diffusion Models via Distribution Shiftcited by 31
  6. 2022On the Real-World Adversarial Robustness of Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
  7. 2022PatchZero: Defending against Adversarial Patch Attacks by Detecting and Zeroing the Patchcited by 30
  8. 2024Safeguarding Vision-Language Models Against Patched Visual Prompt Injectorscited by 26
  9. 2022ObjectSeeker: Certifiably Robust Object Detection against Patch Hiding Attacks via Patch-agnostic Maskingcited by 22
  10. 2022Certified Defences Against Adversarial Patch Attacks on Semantic Segmentationcited by 15
  11. 2023BEAGLE: Forensics of Deep Learning Backdoor Attack for Better Defensecited by 15
  12. 2024LLM Whisperer: An Inconspicuous Attack to Bias LLM Responsescited by 15
38 more
  1. 2024Invisible Reflections: Leveraging Infrared Laser Reflections to Target Traffic Sign Perceptioncited by 14
  2. 2024LOTUS: Evasive and Resilient Backdoor Attacks through Sub-Partitioningcited by 13
  3. 2022Backdoor Vulnerabilities in Normally Trained Deep Learning Modelscited by 12
  4. 2021PatchCensor: Patch Robustness Certification for Transformers via Exhaustive Testingcited by 11
  5. 2023PatchCURE: Improving Certifiable Robustness, Model Utility, and Computation Efficiency of Adversarial Patch Defensescited by 10
  6. 2023Adversarial Examples in the Physical World: A Surveycited by 10
  7. 2022CARLA-GeAR: a Dataset Generator for a Systematic Evaluation of Adversarial Robustness of Vision Modelscited by 8
  8. 2023Benchmarking Robustness to Adversarial Image Obfuscationscited by 8
  9. 2023LogoStyleFool: Vitiating Video Recognition Systems via Logo Style Transfercited by 6
  10. 2023Revisiting Image Classifier Training for Improved Certified Robust Defense against Adversarial Patchescited by 5
  11. 2024I Don't Know You, But I Can Catch You: Real-Time Defense against Diverse Adversarial Patches for Object Detectorscited by 5
  12. 2024Data Free Backdoor Attackscited by 5
  13. 2025Don't Lag, RAG: Training-Free Adversarial Detection Using RAGcited by 5
  14. 2022DECK: Model Hardening for Defending Pervasive Backdoorscited by 4
  15. 2024MMCert: Provable Defense against Adversarial Attacks to Multi-modal Modelscited by 4
  16. 2024A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systemscited by 4
  17. 2023Attention-Based Real-Time Defenses for Physical Adversarial Attacks in Vision Applicationscited by 3
  18. 2023RADAP: A Robust and Adaptive Defense Against Diverse Adversarial Patches on Face Recognitioncited by 3
  19. 2024BadPart: Unified Black-box Adversarial Patch Attacks against Pixel-wise Regression Taskscited by 3
  20. 2024SlowPerception: Physical-World Latency Attack against Visual Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
  21. 2024Query-Efficient Video Adversarial Attack with Stylized Logo on Service Computingcited by 3
  22. 2023Agnostic Multi-Robust Learning Using ERMcited by 2
  23. 2024Improving Adversarial Robustness via Decoupled Visual Representation Maskingcited by 2
  24. 2024New Emerged Security and Privacy of Pre-trained Model: a Survey and Outlookcited by 2
  25. 2025Neuro-Symbolic AI for Cybersecurity: State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 2
  26. 2022Defending Object Detectors against Patch Attacks with Out-of-Distribution Smoothingcited by 1
  27. 2023Mask and Restore: Blind Backdoor Defense at Test Time with Masked Autoencodercited by 1
  28. 2023Pick your Poison: Undetectability versus Robustness in Data Poisoning Attackscited by 1
  29. 2023Architecture-agnostic Iterative Black-box Certified Defense against Adversarial Patchescited by 1
  30. 2023NSA: Naturalistic Support Artifact to Boost Network Confidencecited by 1
  31. 2023A Majority Invariant Approach to Patch Robustness Certification for Deep Learning Modelscited by 1
  32. 2023Fight Fire with Fire: Combating Adversarial Patch Attacks using Pattern-randomized Defensive Patchescited by 1
  33. 2023Fool the Hydra: Adversarial Attacks against Multi-view Object Detection Systemscited by 1
  34. 2024Position: Towards Resilience Against Adversarial Examplescited by 1
  35. 2024CrossCert: A Cross-Checking Detection Approach to Patch Robustness Certification for Deep Learning Modelscited by 1
  36. 2025A Survey of Adversarial Defenses in Vision-based Systems: Categorization, Methods and Challengescited by 1
  37. 2025PatchDEMUX: A Certifiably Robust Framework for Multi-label Classifiers Against Adversarial Patchescited by 1
  38. 2025Concept-Based Masking: A Patch-Agnostic Defense Against Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 1

50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)