Unmasking DeepFakes with simple Features
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep generative models have recently achieved impressive results for many real-world applications, successfully generating high-resolution and diverse samples from complex datasets. Due to this improvement, fake digital contents have proliferated growing concern and spreading distrust in image content, leading to an urgent need for automated ways to detect these AI-generated fake images. Despite the fact that many face editing algorithms seem to produce realistic human faces, upon closer examination, they do exhibit artifacts in certain domains which are often hidden to the naked eye. In this work, we present a simple way to detect such fake face images - so-called DeepFakes. Our method is based on a classical frequency domain analysis followed by basic classifier. Compared to previous systems, which need to be fed with large amounts of labeled data, our approach showed very good results using only a few annotated training samples and even achieved good accuracies in fully unsupervised scenarios. For the evaluation on high resolution face images, we combined several public datasets of real and fake faces into a new benchmark: Faces-HQ. Given such high-resolution images, our approach reaches a perfect classification accuracy of 100% when it is trained on as little as 20 annotated samples. In a second experiment, in the evaluation of the medium-resolution images of the CelebA dataset, our method achieves 100% accuracy supervised and 96% in an unsupervised setting. Finally, evaluating a low-resolution video sequences of the FaceForensics++ dataset, our method achieves 91% accuracy detecting manipulated videos. Source Code: https://github.com/cc-hpc-itwm/DeepFakeDetection
Key facts. Cited by 78 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 23; 2023: 16; 2024: 6; 2025: 8; 2026: 2.
78 papers.
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- 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editingcited by 160
- 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
- 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2023Identifying and Mitigating the Security Risks of Generative AIcited by 90
- 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
- 2021A Closer Look at Fourier Spectrum Discrepancies for CNN-generated Images Detectioncited by 68
38 more
- 2021BiHPF: Bilateral High-Pass Filters for Robust Deepfake Detectioncited by 60
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyondcited by 55
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
- 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
- 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
- 2021Beyond the Spectrum: Detecting Deepfakes via Re-Synthesiscited by 44
- 2023Detecting Images Generated by Deep Diffusion Models using their Local Intrinsic Dimensionalitycited by 44
- 2021Fighting deepfakes by detecting GAN DCT anomaliescited by 39
- 2022Detecting and Recovering Sequential DeepFake Manipulationcited by 34
- 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Wavelet-Packets for Deepfake Image Analysis and Detectioncited by 25
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
- 2024How to Trace Latent Generative Model Generated Images without Artificial Watermark?cited by 25
- 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Contentcited by 22
- 2022Model Attribution of Face-swap Deepfake Videoscited by 17
- 2022On the Exploitation of Deepfake Model Recognitioncited by 14
- 2022Analyzing Fairness in Deepfake Detection With Massively Annotated Databasescited by 13
- 2022FedForgery: Generalized Face Forgery Detection with Residual Federated Learningcited by 12
- 2021FT-TDR: Frequency-guided Transformer and Top-Down Refinement Network for Blind Face Inpaintingcited by 11
- 2022D4: Detection of Adversarial Diffusion Deepfakes Using Disjoint Ensemblescited by 11
- 2022Misleading Deep-Fake Detection with GAN Fingerprintscited by 11
- 2023Learning Pairwise Interaction for Generalizable DeepFake Detectioncited by 11
- 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 11
- 2022On the detection of morphing attacks generated by GANscited by 9
- 2022Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets and Benchmarks, and a Meta-Reviewcited by 6
- 2021Combining Transformer Generators with Convolutional Discriminatorscited by 5
- 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
- 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
- 2021MD-CSDNetwork: Multi-Domain Cross Stitched Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2022Block shuffling learning for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
- 2023Undercover Deepfakes: Detecting Fake Segments in Videoscited by 4
- 2023Alteration-free and Model-agnostic Origin Attribution of Generated Imagescited by 4
- 2023Robust Sequential DeepFake Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Semantics-Oriented Multitask Learning for DeepFake Detection: A Joint Embedding Approachcited by 4
- 2022Anisotropic multiresolution analyses for deepfake detectioncited by 3
- 2023Deepfake Detection Analyzing Hybrid Dataset Utilizing CNN and SVMcited by 3
- 2023CapST: Leveraging Capsule Networks and Temporal Attention for Accurate Model Attribution in Deep-fake Videoscited by 3
50 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2026Minimalist Preprocessing Approach for Image Synthesis Detection24 Jun 2026
- 2026DYMAPIA: A Multi-Domain Framework for Detecting AI-based Video Manipulation27 Apr 2026
- 2025Detection of AI Generated Images Using Combined Uncertainty Measures and Particle Swarm Optimised Rejection Mechanism20 Dec 2025
- 2025Beyond Flicker: Detecting Kinematic Inconsistencies for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection3 Dec 2025
- 2025Revisiting Simple Baselines for In-The-Wild Deepfake Detection4 Sep 2025
- 2025VERITAS: Verification and Explanation of Realness in Images for Transparency in AI Systems7 Jul 2025
- 2025Unmasking Deep Fakes: Leveraging Deep Learning for Video Authenticity Detection10 May 2025
- 2025Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection with Spatial-Frequency Collaborative Learning and Hierarchical Cross-Modal Fusion24 Apr 2025
- 2025Can GPT tell us why these images are synthesized? Empowering Multimodal Large Language Models for Forensics16 Apr 2025
- 2025D2Fusion: Dual-domain Fusion with Feature Superposition for Deepfake Detection21 Mar 2025
- 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Content16 Dec 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
38 more
- 2024Semantics-Oriented Multitask Learning for DeepFake Detection: A Joint Embedding Approach29 Aug 2024
- 2024Detection of Synthetic Face Images: Accuracy, Robustness, Generalization25 Jun 2024
- 2024How to Trace Latent Generative Model Generated Images without Artificial Watermark?22 May 2024
- 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledge22 Apr 2024
- 2023CapST: Leveraging Capsule Networks and Temporal Attention for Accurate Model Attribution in Deep-fake Videos7 Nov 2023
- 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detection7 Oct 2023
- 2023Robust Sequential DeepFake Detection26 Sep 2023
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyond25 Sep 2023
- 2023Identifying and Mitigating the Security Risks of Generative AI28 Aug 2023
- 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detection3 Aug 2023
- 2023ForensicsForest Family: A Series of Multi-scale Hierarchical Cascade Forests for Detecting GAN-generated Faces2 Aug 2023
- 2023Detecting Images Generated by Deep Diffusion Models using their Local Intrinsic Dimensionality5 Jul 2023
- 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detection1 Jun 2023
- 2023Alteration-free and Model-agnostic Origin Attribution of Generated Images29 May 2023
- 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localization18 May 2023
- 2023Undercover Deepfakes: Detecting Fake Segments in Videos11 May 2023
- 2023Learning Pairwise Interaction for Generalizable DeepFake Detection26 Feb 2023
- 2023Two-in-one Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Facial Forgery Detection21 Feb 2023
- 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editing13 Feb 2023
- 2023Deepfake Detection Analyzing Hybrid Dataset Utilizing CNN and SVM27 Jan 2023
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detection12 Dec 2022
- 2022Deep Fake Detection, Deterrence and Response: Challenges and Opportunities26 Nov 2022
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspective20 Nov 2022
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection16 Nov 2022
- 2022Anisotropic multiresolution analyses for deepfake detection26 Oct 2022
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalization26 Oct 2022
- 2022FedForgery: Generalized Face Forgery Detection with Residual Federated Learning18 Oct 2022
- 2022When Handcrafted Features and Deep Features Meet Mismatched Training and Test Sets for Deepfake Detection27 Sep 2022
- 2022On the detection of morphing attacks generated by GANs1 Sep 2022
- 2022Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets and Benchmarks, and a Meta-Review21 Aug 2022
- 2022DF-Captcha: A Deepfake Captcha for Preventing Fake Calls17 Aug 2022
- 2022Analyzing Fairness in Deepfake Detection With Massively Annotated Databases11 Aug 2022
- 2022Visual Representations of Physiological Signals for Fake Video Detection18 Jul 2022
- 2022Detecting and Recovering Sequential DeepFake Manipulation5 Jul 2022
- 2022Deepfake Caricatures: Amplifying attention to artifacts increases deepfake detection by humans and machines1 Jun 2022
- 2022Misleading Deep-Fake Detection with GAN Fingerprints25 May 2022
- 2022On the Exploitation of Deepfake Model Recognition9 Apr 2022
- 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detection29 Mar 2022
50 newest of 78 All 78 (JSON)
- 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editingcited by 160
- 2023Detecting Images Generated by Deep Diffusion Models using their Local Intrinsic Dimensionalitycited by 44
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
- 2024How to Trace Latent Generative Model Generated Images without Artificial Watermark?cited by 25
- 2023Undercover Deepfakes: Detecting Fake Segments in Videoscited by 4
- 2024Detection of Synthetic Face Images: Accuracy, Robustness, Generalizationcited by 0
- 2025VERITAS: Verification and Explanation of Realness in Images for Transparency in AI Systemscited by 0
- 2025VERITAS: Verification and Explanation of Realness in Images for Transparency in AI Systems7 Jul 2025
- 2024Detection of Synthetic Face Images: Accuracy, Robustness, Generalization25 Jun 2024
- 2024How to Trace Latent Generative Model Generated Images without Artificial Watermark?22 May 2024
- 2023Detecting Images Generated by Deep Diffusion Models using their Local Intrinsic Dimensionality5 Jul 2023
- 2023Undercover Deepfakes: Detecting Fake Segments in Videos11 May 2023
- 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editing13 Feb 2023
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection16 Nov 2022
- 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
- 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2023Identifying and Mitigating the Security Risks of Generative AIcited by 90
- 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
- 2021A Closer Look at Fourier Spectrum Discrepancies for CNN-generated Images Detectioncited by 68
- 2021BiHPF: Bilateral High-Pass Filters for Robust Deepfake Detectioncited by 60
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026Minimalist Preprocessing Approach for Image Synthesis Detection24 Jun 2026
- 2026DYMAPIA: A Multi-Domain Framework for Detecting AI-based Video Manipulation27 Apr 2026
- 2025Detection of AI Generated Images Using Combined Uncertainty Measures and Particle Swarm Optimised Rejection Mechanism20 Dec 2025
- 2025Beyond Flicker: Detecting Kinematic Inconsistencies for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection3 Dec 2025
- 2025Revisiting Simple Baselines for In-The-Wild Deepfake Detection4 Sep 2025
- 2025Unmasking Deep Fakes: Leveraging Deep Learning for Video Authenticity Detection10 May 2025
- 2025Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection with Spatial-Frequency Collaborative Learning and Hierarchical Cross-Modal Fusion24 Apr 2025
- 2025D2Fusion: Dual-domain Fusion with Feature Superposition for Deepfake Detection21 Mar 2025
- 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Content16 Dec 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 2024Semantics-Oriented Multitask Learning for DeepFake Detection: A Joint Embedding Approach29 Aug 2024
- 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledge22 Apr 2024
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)