mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unmasking DeepFakes with simple Features

arXiv 1911.00686 ↗First posted 2 Nov 2019cs.LG cs.CV stat.MLcited by 78

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deep generative models have recently achieved impressive results for many real-world applications, successfully generating high-resolution and diverse samples from complex datasets. Due to this improvement, fake digital contents have proliferated growing concern and spreading distrust in image content, leading to an urgent need for automated ways to detect these AI-generated fake images. Despite the fact that many face editing algorithms seem to produce realistic human faces, upon closer examination, they do exhibit artifacts in certain domains which are often hidden to the naked eye. In this work, we present a simple way to detect such fake face images - so-called DeepFakes. Our method is based on a classical frequency domain analysis followed by basic classifier. Compared to previous systems, which need to be fed with large amounts of labeled data, our approach showed very good results using only a few annotated training samples and even achieved good accuracies in fully unsupervised scenarios. For the evaluation on high resolution face images, we combined several public datasets of real and fake faces into a new benchmark: Faces-HQ. Given such high-resolution images, our approach reaches a perfect classification accuracy of 100% when it is trained on as little as 20 annotated samples. In a second experiment, in the evaluation of the medium-resolution images of the CelebA dataset, our method achieves 100% accuracy supervised and 96% in an unsupervised setting. Finally, evaluating a low-resolution video sequences of the FaceForensics++ dataset, our method achieves 91% accuracy detecting manipulated videos. Source Code: https://github.com/cc-hpc-itwm/DeepFakeDetection

Key facts. Cited by 78 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 23; 2023: 16; 2024: 6; 2025: 8; 2026: 2.

78 papers.

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  1. 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
  2. 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
  3. 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editingcited by 160
  4. 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
  5. 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
  6. 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
  7. 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
  8. 2023Identifying and Mitigating the Security Risks of Generative AIcited by 90
  9. 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
  10. 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
  11. 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
  12. 2021A Closer Look at Fourier Spectrum Discrepancies for CNN-generated Images Detectioncited by 68
38 more
  1. 2021BiHPF: Bilateral High-Pass Filters for Robust Deepfake Detectioncited by 60
  2. 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
  3. 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyondcited by 55
  4. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
  5. 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
  6. 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  7. 2021Beyond the Spectrum: Detecting Deepfakes via Re-Synthesiscited by 44
  8. 2023Detecting Images Generated by Deep Diffusion Models using their Local Intrinsic Dimensionalitycited by 44
  9. 2021Fighting deepfakes by detecting GAN DCT anomaliescited by 39
  10. 2022Detecting and Recovering Sequential DeepFake Manipulationcited by 34
  11. 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detectioncited by 26
  12. 2021Wavelet-Packets for Deepfake Image Analysis and Detectioncited by 25
  13. 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
  14. 2024How to Trace Latent Generative Model Generated Images without Artificial Watermark?cited by 25
  15. 2024Towards a Universal Synthetic Video Detector: From Face or Background Manipulations to Fully AI-Generated Contentcited by 22
  16. 2022Model Attribution of Face-swap Deepfake Videoscited by 17
  17. 2022On the Exploitation of Deepfake Model Recognitioncited by 14
  18. 2022Analyzing Fairness in Deepfake Detection With Massively Annotated Databasescited by 13
  19. 2022FedForgery: Generalized Face Forgery Detection with Residual Federated Learningcited by 12
  20. 2021FT-TDR: Frequency-guided Transformer and Top-Down Refinement Network for Blind Face Inpaintingcited by 11
  21. 2022D4: Detection of Adversarial Diffusion Deepfakes Using Disjoint Ensemblescited by 11
  22. 2022Misleading Deep-Fake Detection with GAN Fingerprintscited by 11
  23. 2023Learning Pairwise Interaction for Generalizable DeepFake Detectioncited by 11
  24. 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 11
  25. 2022On the detection of morphing attacks generated by GANscited by 9
  26. 2022Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets and Benchmarks, and a Meta-Reviewcited by 6
  27. 2021Combining Transformer Generators with Convolutional Discriminatorscited by 5
  28. 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  29. 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  30. 2021MD-CSDNetwork: Multi-Domain Cross Stitched Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
  31. 2022Block shuffling learning for Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
  32. 2023Undercover Deepfakes: Detecting Fake Segments in Videoscited by 4
  33. 2023Alteration-free and Model-agnostic Origin Attribution of Generated Imagescited by 4
  34. 2023Robust Sequential DeepFake Detectioncited by 4
  35. 2024Semantics-Oriented Multitask Learning for DeepFake Detection: A Joint Embedding Approachcited by 4
  36. 2022Anisotropic multiresolution analyses for deepfake detectioncited by 3
  37. 2023Deepfake Detection Analyzing Hybrid Dataset Utilizing CNN and SVMcited by 3
  38. 2023CapST: Leveraging Capsule Networks and Temporal Attention for Accurate Model Attribution in Deep-fake Videoscited by 3

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