mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Exploiting Fine-grained Face Forgery Clues via Progressive Enhancement Learning

arXiv 2112.13977 ↗First posted 28 Dec 2021cs.CVcited by 60

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

With the rapid development of facial forgery techniques, forgery detection has attracted more and more attention due to security concerns. Existing approaches attempt to use frequency information to mine subtle artifacts under high-quality forged faces. However, the exploitation of frequency information is coarse-grained, and more importantly, their vanilla learning process struggles to extract fine-grained forgery traces. To address this issue, we propose a progressive enhancement learning framework to exploit both the RGB and fine-grained frequency clues. Specifically, we perform a fine-grained decomposition of RGB images to completely decouple the real and fake traces in the frequency space. Subsequently, we propose a progressive enhancement learning framework based on a two-branch network, combined with self-enhancement and mutual-enhancement modules. The self-enhancement module captures the traces in different input spaces based on spatial noise enhancement and channel attention. The Mutual-enhancement module concurrently enhances RGB and frequency features by communicating in the shared spatial dimension. The progressive enhancement process facilitates the learning of discriminative features with fine-grained face forgery clues. Extensive experiments on several datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art face forgery detection methods.

Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Dec 2021.

Builds on

24 of 39 references.

References · 24

  1. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,426
  2. 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,434
  3. 2016Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutionscited by 2,326
  4. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,097
  5. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
  6. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 574
  7. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 520
  8. 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 504
  9. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
  10. 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
  11. 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 340
  12. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 296
12 more
  1. 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
  2. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
  3. 2019FaceShifter: Towards High Fidelity And Occlusion Aware Face Swappingcited by 221
  4. 2021WildDeepfake: A Challenging Real-World Dataset for Deepfake Detectioncited by 208
  5. 2020Learning in the Frequency Domaincited by 198
  6. 2020Two-branch Recurrent Network for Isolating Deepfakes in Videoscited by 161
  7. 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
  8. 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
  9. 2018DSFD: Dual Shot Face Detectorcited by 116
  10. 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
  11. 2021Spatiotemporal Inconsistency Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 88
  12. 2017Recasting Residual-based Local Descriptors as Convolutional Neural Networks: an Application to Image Forgery Detectioncited by 56

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 18; 2024: 16; 2025: 14; 2026: 4.

60 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
  2. 2023Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  3. 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
  4. 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulationcited by 99
  5. 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 59
  6. 2024Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuningcited by 58
  7. 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
  8. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 49
  9. 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
  10. 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  11. 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 40
  12. 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 39
38 more
  1. 2024X2-DFD: A framework for eXplainable and eXtendable Deepfake Detectioncited by 35
  2. 2022Explaining Deepfake Detection by Analysing Image Matchingcited by 34
  3. 2022GAN-generated Faces Detection: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 30
  4. 2024Fake It till You Make It: Curricular Dynamic Forgery Augmentations towards General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
  5. 2023Contrastive Pseudo Learning for Open-World DeepFake Attributioncited by 27
  6. 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detectioncited by 26
  7. 2024FSFM: A Generalizable Face Security Foundation Model via Self-Supervised Facial Representation Learningcited by 22
  8. 2025From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakescited by 14
  9. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 13
  10. 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 13
  11. 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 11
  12. 2024Learning to Discover Forgery Cues for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 11
  13. 2023Diff-ID: An Explainable Identity Difference Quantification Framework for DeepFake Detectioncited by 6
  14. 2022Spatial-Temporal Frequency Forgery Clue for Video Forgery Detection in VIS and NIR Scenariocited by 5
  15. 2023RetouchingFFHQ: A Large-scale Dataset for Fine-grained Face Retouching Detectioncited by 5
  16. 2023FakeTracer: Catching Face-swap DeepFakes via Implanting Traces in Trainingcited by 5
  17. 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Imagescited by 5
  18. 2026On the Holistic Approach for Detecting Human Image Forgerycited by 5
  19. 2024A Quality-Centric Framework for Generic Deepfake Detectioncited by 4
  20. 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
  21. 2022Detecting Deepfake by Creating Spatio-Temporal Regularity Disruptioncited by 3
  22. 2023GazeForensics: DeepFake Detection via Gaze-guided Spatial Inconsistency Learningcited by 3
  23. 2024UniForensics: Face Forgery Detection via General Facial Representationcited by 3
  24. 2025FA^{3}-CLIP: Frequency-Aware Cues Fusion and Attack-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Unified Face Attack Detectioncited by 3
  25. 2025Uncovering and Mitigating Destructive Multi-Embedding Attacks in Deepfake Proactive Forensicscited by 3
  26. 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
  27. 2023Attention Consistency Refined Masked Frequency Forgery Representation for Generalizing Face Forgery Detectioncited by 2
  28. 2025Boosting Active Defense Persistence: A Two-Stage Defense Framework Combining Interruption and Poisoning Against Deepfakecited by 2
  29. 2025Next-Frame Feature Prediction for Multimodal Deepfake Detection and Temporal Localizationcited by 2
  30. 2023Building an Invisible Shield for Your Portrait against Deepfakescited by 1
  31. 2023Generalized Face Forgery Detection via Adaptive Learning for Pre-trained Vision Transformercited by 1
  32. 2023DeepFidelity: Perceptual Forgery Fidelity Assessment for Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
  33. 2024Exploring Depth Information for Detecting Manipulated Face Videoscited by 1
  34. 2025Beyond Deepfake vs Real: Facial Deepfake Detection in the Open-Set Paradigmcited by 1
  35. 2025SELFI: Selective Fusion of Identity for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
  36. 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
  37. 2025FakeRadar: Probing Forgery Outliers to Detect Unknown Deepfake Videoscited by 1
  38. 2026Leave No Stone Unturned: Uncovering Holistic Audio-Visual Intrinsic Coherence for Deepfake Detectioncited by 1

50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)