Learning Second Order Local Anomaly for General Face Forgery Detection
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
In this work, we propose a novel method to improve the generalization ability of CNN-based face forgery detectors. Our method considers the feature anomalies of forged faces caused by the prevalent blending operations in face forgery algorithms. Specifically, we propose a weakly supervised Second Order Local Anomaly (SOLA) learning module to mine anomalies in local regions using deep feature maps. SOLA first decomposes the neighborhood of local features by different directions and distances and then calculates the first and second order local anomaly maps which provide more general forgery traces for the classifier. We also propose a Local Enhancement Module (LEM) to improve the discrimination between local features of real and forged regions, so as to ensure accuracy in calculating anomalies. Besides, an improved Adaptive Spatial Rich Model (ASRM) is introduced to help mine subtle noise features via learnable high pass filters. With neither pixel level annotations nor external synthetic data, our method using a simple ResNet18 backbone achieves competitive performances compared with state-of-the-art works when evaluated on unseen forgeries.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2022.
Builds on
31 of 53 references.
References · 31
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
- 2018CBAM: Convolutional Block Attention Modulecited by 2,463
- 2017Non-local Neural Networkscited by 2,290
- 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
- 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
- 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
- 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
- 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 518
- 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 501
- 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
19 more
- 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
- 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
- 2020Lips Don't Lie: A Generalisable and Robust Approach to Face Forgery Detectioncited by 286
- 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 278
- 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
- 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
- 2019Deferred Neural Rendering: Image Synthesis using Neural Texturescited by 253
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2020Learning Self-Consistency for Deepfake Detectioncited by 179
- 2020Two-branch Recurrent Network for Isolating Deepfakes in Videoscited by 161
- 2018Learning Rich Features for Image Manipulation Detectioncited by 154
- 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
- 2019Recurrent Convolutional Strategies for Face Manipulation Detection in Videoscited by 118
- 2018Noiseprint: a CNN-based camera model fingerprintcited by 114
- 2020Emotions Don't Lie: An Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection Method Using Affective Cuescited by 111
- 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2020Not made for each other- Audio-Visual Dissonance-based Deepfake Detection and Localizationcited by 89
- 2020Sharp Multiple Instance Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 54
- 2021Finding Facial Forgery Artifacts with Parts-Based Detectorscited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 13; 2024: 13; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
36 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Forensics by Audio-Visual Anomaly Detectioncited by 84
- 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
- 2022SeeABLE: Soft Discrepancies and Bounded Contrastive Learning for Exposing Deepfakescited by 49
- 2024MoE-FFD: Mixture of Experts for Generalized and Parameter-Efficient Face Forgery Detectioncited by 27
- 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
- 2024Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detectioncited by 26
- 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Cluescited by 23
- 2023Controllable Guide-Space for Generalizable Face Forgery Detectioncited by 21
- 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detectioncited by 21
- 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Frameworkcited by 14
- 2025From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakescited by 14
24 more
- 2025FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasingcited by 14
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2024Masked Conditional Diffusion Model for Enhancing Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
- 2023Real Face Foundation Representation Learning for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2023DomainForensics: Exposing Face Forgery across Domains via Bi-directional Adaptationcited by 8
- 2023Discrepancy-Guided Reconstruction Learning for Image Forgery Detectioncited by 7
- 2024Open-Set Deepfake Detection: A Parameter-Efficient Adaptation Method with Forgery Style Mixturecited by 7
- 2025Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
- 2022General GAN-generated image detection by data augmentation in fingerprint domaincited by 5
- 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
- 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Imagescited by 5
- 2024Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 4
- 2023Attending Generalizability in Course of Deep Fake Detection by Exploring Multi-task Learningcited by 3
- 2025FA^{3}-CLIP: Frequency-Aware Cues Fusion and Attack-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Unified Face Attack Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Noise-Informed Diffusion-Generated Image Detection with Anomaly Attentioncited by 3
- 2024Redundant Semantic Environment Filling via Misleading-Learning for Fair Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2023Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection by Primary Region Regularizationcited by 1
- 2023Unearthing Common Inconsistency for Generalisable Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Forgery-aware Audio-Visual Adaptation: A Variational Bayesian Approachcited by 1
- 2022Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrasted Memorycited by 0
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Surveycited by 0
- 2024Revisiting Face Forgery Detection: From Facial Representation to Forgery Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection19 Apr 2026
- 2025Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Forgery-aware Audio-Visual Adaptation: A Variational Bayesian Approach24 Nov 2025
- 2025FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasing26 Sep 2025
- 2025Noise-Informed Diffusion-Generated Image Detection with Anomaly Attention20 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detection7 May 2025
- 2025From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakes7 Apr 2025
- 2025FA^{3}-CLIP: Frequency-Aware Cues Fusion and Attack-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Unified Face Attack Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detection28 Dec 2024
- 2024Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detection2 Dec 2024
- 2024Revisiting Face Forgery Detection: From Facial Representation to Forgery Detection25 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 2024Open-Set Deepfake Detection: A Parameter-Efficient Adaptation Method with Forgery Style Mixture23 Aug 2024
24 more
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detection15 Jul 2024
- 2024Redundant Semantic Environment Filling via Misleading-Learning for Fair Deepfake Detection24 May 2024
- 2024MoE-FFD: Mixture of Experts for Generalized and Parameter-Efficient Face Forgery Detection12 Apr 2024
- 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Images17 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detection15 Mar 2024
- 2024Masked Conditional Diffusion Model for Enhancing Deepfake Detection1 Feb 2024
- 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Framework9 Jan 2024
- 2023DomainForensics: Exposing Face Forgery across Domains via Bi-directional Adaptation17 Dec 2023
- 2023Unearthing Common Inconsistency for Generalisable Deepfake Detection20 Nov 2023
- 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detection20 Sep 2023
- 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Clues18 Sep 2023
- 2023Attending Generalizability in Course of Deep Fake Detection by Exploring Multi-task Learning25 Aug 2023
- 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detection3 Aug 2023
- 2023Controllable Guide-Space for Generalizable Face Forgery Detection26 Jul 2023
- 2023Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection by Primary Region Regularization24 Jul 2023
- 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detection14 Jul 2023
- 2023Discrepancy-Guided Reconstruction Learning for Image Forgery Detection26 Apr 2023
- 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detection24 Apr 2023
- 2023Real Face Foundation Representation Learning for Generalized Deepfake Detection15 Mar 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Forensics by Audio-Visual Anomaly Detection4 Jan 2023
- 2022General GAN-generated image detection by data augmentation in fingerprint domain27 Dec 2022
- 2022SeeABLE: Soft Discrepancies and Bounded Contrastive Learning for Exposing Deepfakes21 Nov 2022
- 2022Anomaly Detection via Multi-Scale Contrasted Memory16 Nov 2022
- 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Forensics by Audio-Visual Anomaly Detectioncited by 84
- 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
- 2022SeeABLE: Soft Discrepancies and Bounded Contrastive Learning for Exposing Deepfakescited by 49
- 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
- 2024Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detectioncited by 26
- 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Cluescited by 23
- 2023Controllable Guide-Space for Generalizable Face Forgery Detectioncited by 21
- 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detectioncited by 21
- 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Frameworkcited by 14
- 2025From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakescited by 14
- 2025FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasingcited by 14
12 most cited of 32 All 32 (JSON)
- 2026Unveiling Deepfakes: A Frequency-Aware Triple Branch Network for Deepfake Detection19 Apr 2026
- 2025Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Forgery-aware Audio-Visual Adaptation: A Variational Bayesian Approach24 Nov 2025
- 2025FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasing26 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detection7 May 2025
- 2025From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakes7 Apr 2025
- 2025FA^{3}-CLIP: Frequency-Aware Cues Fusion and Attack-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Unified Face Attack Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detection28 Dec 2024
- 2024Hiding Faces in Plain Sight: Defending DeepFakes by Disrupting Face Detection2 Dec 2024
- 2024Revisiting Face Forgery Detection: From Facial Representation to Forgery Detection25 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 2024Open-Set Deepfake Detection: A Parameter-Efficient Adaptation Method with Forgery Style Mixture23 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
12 newest of 32 All 32 (JSON)