mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Global Texture Enhancement for Fake Face Detection in the Wild

arXiv 2002.00133 ↗First posted 1 Feb 2020cs.CVcited by 220

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Cited by 22 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can generate realistic fake face images that can easily fool human beings.On the contrary, a common Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) discriminator can achieve more than 99.9% accuracyin discerning fake/real images. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on fake/real faces, and have two important observations: firstly, the texture of fake faces is substantially different from real ones; secondly, global texture statistics are more robust to image editing and transferable to fake faces from different GANs and datasets. Motivated by the above observations, we propose a new architecture coined as Gram-Net, which leverages global image texture representations for robust fake image detection. Experimental results on several datasets demonstrate that our Gram-Net outperforms existing approaches. Especially, our Gram-Netis more robust to image editings, e.g. down-sampling, JPEG compression, blur, and noise. More importantly, our Gram-Net generalizes significantly better in detecting fake faces from GAN models not seen in the training phase and can perform decently in detecting fake natural images.

Key facts. Cited by 220 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Feb 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 16; 2023: 26; 2024: 42; 2025: 65; 2026: 49.

220 papers.

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  1. 2023GenImage: A Million-Scale Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated Imagecited by 318
  2. 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
  3. 2024A Sanity Check for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 187
  4. 2021ForgeryNet: A Versatile Benchmark for Comprehensive Forgery Analysiscited by 124
  5. 2024VidProM: A Million-scale Real Prompt-Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Video Diffusion Modelscited by 124
  6. 2023PatchCraft: Exploring Texture Patch for Efficient AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 119
  7. 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
  8. 2022Towards the Detection of Diffusion Model Deepfakescited by 111
  9. 2024C2P-CLIP: Injecting Category Common Prompt in CLIP to Enhance Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 111
  10. 2021Representative Forgery Mining for Fake Face Detectioncited by 108
  11. 2024SIDA: Social Media Image Deepfake Detection, Localization and Explanation with Large Multimodal Modelcited by 107
  12. 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 102
38 more
  1. 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
  2. 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
  3. 2023Identifying and Mitigating the Security Risks of Generative AIcited by 90
  4. 2024Improving Synthetic Image Detection Towards Generalization: An Image Transformation Perspectivecited by 88
  5. 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
  6. 2023Self-Supervised Video Forensics by Audio-Visual Anomaly Detectioncited by 84
  7. 2024Preserving Fairness Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 70
  8. 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
  9. 2025Spot the Fake: Large Multimodal Model-Based Synthetic Image Detection with Artifact Explanationcited by 66
  10. 2023Seeing is not always believing: Benchmarking Human and Model Perception of AI-Generated Imagescited by 65
  11. 2021On the Frequency Bias of Generative Modelscited by 60
  12. 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 58
  13. 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
  14. 2024Any-Resolution AI-Generated Image Detection by Spectral Learningcited by 56
  15. 2021OpenForensics: Large-Scale Challenging Dataset For Multi-Face Forgery Detection And Segmentation In-The-Wildcited by 50
  16. 2025Is Artificial Intelligence Generated Image Detection a Solved Problem?cited by 49
  17. 2021Eyes Tell All: Irregular Pupil Shapes Reveal GAN-generated Facescited by 48
  18. 2022Deepfake Network Architecture Attributioncited by 47
  19. 2024LaRE2: Latent Reconstruction Error Based Method for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 47
  20. 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  21. 2021Beyond the Spectrum: Detecting Deepfakes via Re-Synthesiscited by 44
  22. 2024A Single Simple Patch is All You Need for AI-generated Image Detectioncited by 43
  23. 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detectioncited by 41
  24. 2021Fighting deepfakes by detecting GAN DCT anomaliescited by 39
  25. 2022Exploring Disentangled Content Information for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
  26. 2023GenDet: Towards Good Generalizations for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 36
  27. 2024FakeBench: Probing Explainable Fake Image Detection via Large Multimodal Modelscited by 36
  28. 2021An Examination of Fairness of AI Models for Deepfake Detectioncited by 34
  29. 2025AI-Generated Video Detection via Perceptual Straighteningcited by 34
  30. 2022GAN-generated Faces Detection: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 29
  31. 2021Robust Attentive Deep Neural Network for Exposing GAN-generated Facescited by 28
  32. 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detectioncited by 26
  33. 2024How to Trace Latent Generative Model Generated Images without Artificial Watermark?cited by 25
  34. 2025Bridging the Gap Between Ideal and Real-world Evaluation: Benchmarking AI-Generated Image Detection in Challenging Scenarioscited by 24
  35. 2025All Patches Matter, More Patches Better: Enhance AI-Generated Image Detection via Panoptic Patch Learningcited by 23
  36. 2025Seeing What Matters: Generalizable AI-generated Video Detection with Forensic-Oriented Augmentationcited by 23
  37. 2023Rethinking Image Editing Detection in the Era of Generative AI Revolutioncited by 21
  38. 2024Learning Spatiotemporal Inconsistency via Thumbnail Layout for Face Deepfake Detectioncited by 21

50 most cited of 220 All 220 (JSON)