Multiple Object Tracking: A Literature Review
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) has gained increasing attention due to its academic and commercial potential. Although different approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem, it still remains challenging due to factors like abrupt appearance changes and severe object occlusions. In this work, we contribute the first comprehensive and most recent review on this problem. We inspect the recent advances in various aspects and propose some interesting directions for future research. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any extensive review on this topic in the community. We endeavor to provide a thorough review on the development of this problem in recent decades. The main contributions of this review are fourfold: 1) Key aspects in an MOT system, including formulation, categorization, key principles, evaluation of MOT are discussed; 2) Instead of enumerating individual works, we discuss existing approaches according to various aspects, in each of which methods are divided into different groups and each group is discussed in detail for the principles, advances and drawbacks; 3) We examine experiments of existing publications and summarize results on popular datasets to provide quantitative and comprehensive comparisons. By analyzing the results from different perspectives, we have verified some basic agreements in the field; and 4) We provide a discussion about issues of MOT research, as well as some interesting directions which will become potential research effort in the future.
Key facts. Cited by 165 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Sep 2014.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 30; 2023: 34; 2024: 41; 2025: 21; 2026: 18.
165 papers.
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- 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlookcited by 124
- 2021Video Instance Segmentation using Inter-Frame Communication Transformerscited by 105
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021Proximal Optimal Transport Modeling of Population Dynamicscited by 91
- 2021Crossover Learning for Fast Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 83
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2021A Survey of Sound Source Localization with Deep Learning Methodscited by 45
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2023Does Physical Adversarial Example Really Matter to Autonomous Driving? Towards System-Level Effect of Adversarial Object Evasion Attackcited by 37
- 2022Tracking Objects as Pixel-wise Distributionscited by 36
38 more
- 2021MMPTRACK: Large-scale Densely Annotated Multi-camera Multiple People Tracking Benchmarkcited by 28
- 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTMcited by 26
- 2021One More Check: Making "Fake Background" Be Tracked Againcited by 25
- 2022The Caltech Fish Counting Dataset: A Benchmark for Multiple-Object Tracking and Countingcited by 24
- 2022SoK: On the Semantic AI Security in Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2024NetTrack: Tracking Highly Dynamic Objects with a Netcited by 22
- 2021Capturing the objects of vision with neural networkscited by 21
- 2023TOPIC: A Parallel Association Paradigm for Multi-Object Tracking under Complex Motions and Diverse Scenescited by 21
- 2024Samba: Synchronized Set-of-Sequences Modeling for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2024Sports-Traj: A Unified Trajectory Generation Model for Multi-Agent Movement in Sportscited by 19
- 2022DR.VIC: Decomposition and Reasoning for Video Individual Countingcited by 18
- 2022Object Permanence Emerges in a Random Walk along Memorycited by 18
- 2023HA-ViD: A Human Assembly Video Dataset for Comprehensive Assembly Knowledge Understandingcited by 18
- 2021Propagating State Uncertainty Through Trajectory Forecastingcited by 17
- 2021Detecting and Tracking Small and Dense Moving Objects in Satellite Videos: A Benchmarkcited by 17
- 2023Tracking through Containers and Occluders in the Wildcited by 15
- 2023FOLT: Fast Multiple Object Tracking from UAV-captured Videos Based on Optical Flowcited by 15
- 2022Self-supervised Amodal Video Object Segmentationcited by 14
- 2024Trackastra: Transformer-based cell tracking for live-cell microscopycited by 14
- 2023InsPro: Propagating Instance Query and Proposal for Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 13
- 2021Tracking Without Re-recognition in Humans and Machinescited by 12
- 2022TCAM: Temporal Class Activation Maps for Object Localization in Weakly-Labeled Unconstrained Videoscited by 12
- 2022In Pursuit of Many: A Review of Modern Multiple Object Tracking Systemscited by 12
- 2023S.T.A.R.-Track: Latent Motion Models for End-to-End 3D Object Tracking with Adaptive Spatio-Temporal Appearance Representationscited by 12
- 2023Select2Col: Leveraging Spatial-Temporal Importance of Semantic Information for Efficient Collaborative Perceptioncited by 12
- 2021Towards Balanced Learning for Instance Recognitioncited by 9
- 2022Multimodal Data Augmentation for Visual-Infrared Person ReID with Corrupted Datacited by 9
- 2024Reliable Object Tracking by Multimodal Hybrid Feature Extraction and Transformer-Based Fusioncited by 9
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2022Towards PAC Multi-Object Detection and Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2024RoboSense: Large-scale Dataset and Benchmark for Egocentric Robot Perception and Navigation in Crowded and Unstructured Environmentscited by 8
- 2024INST-IT: Boosting Instance Understanding via Explicit Visual Prompt Instruction Tuningcited by 8
- 2022Real-Time Accident Detection in Traffic Surveillance Using Deep Learningcited by 7
- 2022End-to-end Transformer for Compressed Video Quality Enhancementcited by 7
- 2022Edge Video Analytics: A Survey on Applications, Systems and Enabling Techniquescited by 7
- 2023CoLo-CAM: Class Activation Mapping for Object Co-Localization in Weakly-Labeled Unconstrained Videoscited by 7
- 2021Reconstruction of Fragmented Trajectories of Collective Motion using Hadamard Deep Autoencoderscited by 6
50 most cited of 165 All 165 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Leaderboard Scores: A Deployment-Focused Protocol for Interpretable Tracking Evaluation in Pedestrian-Centric Environments1 Oct 2026
- 2026ByteTraX: Enhancing the ByteTrack Architecture with Optimised Thresholding29 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Survey: A Systematic Empirical Study of Detection and Association in Visual MOT14 Sep 2026
- 2026EECTracker: Swarm Motion Prior-Guided Feature Compensation for Airborne Optical UAV Swarm Tracking14 Sep 2026
- 2026AdROD: HyperNetwork-based Adversarially Robust Object Detection for Autonomous Driving17 Aug 2026
- 2026Real-Time Automatic License Plate Recognition Using YOLOv8, SORT Tracking, and Temporal Data Interpolation3 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Multi-Object-Tracking with Radar on a Fast Moving Vehicle: On the Potential of Processing Radar in the Frequency Domain15 Apr 2026
- 2026BoxTuning: Directly Injecting the Object Box for Multimodal Model Fine-Tuning13 Apr 2026
- 2026SCT-MOT: Enhancing Air-to-Air Multiple UAVs Tracking with Swarm-Coupled Motion and Trajectory Guidance8 Apr 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Attacks on AI Surveillance Systems:Detection, Tracking, and Visible--Infrared Evasion8 Apr 2026
- 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Tracking6 Mar 2026
- 2026Video-based Locomotion Analysis for Fish Health Monitoring5 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Person Detection and Tracking from an Overhead Crane LiDAR5 Mar 2026
- 2026Detecting Object Tracking Failure via Sequential Hypothesis Testing13 Feb 2026
- 2026UniTrack: Differentiable Graph Representation Learning for Multi-Object Tracking4 Feb 2026
- 2026Correcting and Quantifying Systematic Errors in 3D Box Annotations for Autonomous Driving20 Jan 2026
- 2026A Unified 3D Object Perception Framework for Real-Time Outside-In Multi-Camera Systems15 Jan 2026
- 2026Detector-Augmented SAMURAI for Long-Duration Drone Tracking8 Jan 2026
- 2025A Modular Architecture Design for Autonomous Driving Racing in Controlled Environments3 Dec 2025
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Camera Gymnast Tracking Through Domain Knowledge Integration20 Nov 2025
- 2025DMSORT: An efficient parallel maritime multi-object tracking architecture for unmanned vessel platforms6 Nov 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wild4 Nov 2025
- 2025GenTrack: A New Generation of Multi-Object Tracking28 Oct 2025
- 2025Radar-Camera Fused Multi-Object Tracking: Online Calibration and Common Feature23 Oct 2025
- 2025E-MoFlow: Learning Egomotion and Optical Flow from Event Data via Implicit Regularization14 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-animal tracking in Transition: Comparative Insights into Established and Emerging Methods15 Sep 2025
- 2025An HMM-based framework for identity-aware long-term multi-object tracking from sparse and uncertain identification: use case on long-term tracking in livestock12 Sep 2025
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 2025Federated Reinforcement Learning for Runtime Optimization of AI Applications in Smart Eyewears24 Aug 2025
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025Head Anchor Enhanced Detection and Association for Crowded Pedestrian Tracking7 Aug 2025
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Object Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey from Foundations to State-of-the-Art16 Jun 2025
- 2025Asynchronous Multi-Object Tracking with an Event Camera12 May 2025
- 2025PapMOT: Exploring Adversarial Patch Attack against Multiple Object Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025Real-Time Multi-Object Tracking using YOLOv8 and SORT on a SoC FPGA17 Mar 2025
- 2025How good are deep learning methods for automated road safety analysis using video data? An experimental study12 Mar 2025
- 2025Natural Language Generation from Visual Events: State-of-the-Art and Key Open Questions18 Feb 2025
- 2025FaceQSORT: a Multi-Face Tracking Method based on Biometric and Appearance Features20 Jan 2025
- 2025Static Segmentation by Tracking: A Label-Efficient Approach for Fine-Grained Specimen Image Segmentation12 Jan 2025
- 2024Street Gaussians without 3D Object Tracker7 Dec 2024
- 2024INST-IT: Boosting Instance Understanding via Explicit Visual Prompt Instruction Tuning4 Dec 2024
- 2024Vision Technologies with Applications in Traffic Surveillance Systems: A Holistic Survey30 Nov 2024
- 2024HopTrack: A Real-time Multi-Object Tracking System for Embedded Devices1 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 2024Resource-Efficient Multiview Perception: Integrating Semantic Masking with Masked Autoencoders7 Oct 2024
- 2024Samba: Synchronized Set-of-Sequences Modeling for Multiple Object Tracking2 Oct 2024
- 2024Accelerating Non-Maximum Suppression: A Graph Theory Perspective30 Sep 2024
- 2024LITE: A Paradigm Shift in Multi-Object Tracking with Efficient ReID Feature Integration6 Sep 2024
- 2024Estimating Dynamic Flow Features in Groups of Tracked Objects29 Aug 2024
- 2024ConsistencyTrack: A Robust Multi-Object Tracker with a Generation Strategy of Consistency Model28 Aug 2024
50 newest of 165 All 165 (JSON)
- 2021Video Instance Segmentation using Inter-Frame Communication Transformerscited by 105
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021Proximal Optimal Transport Modeling of Population Dynamicscited by 91
- 2021Crossover Learning for Fast Online Video Instance Segmentationcited by 83
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2021A Survey of Sound Source Localization with Deep Learning Methodscited by 45
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2023Does Physical Adversarial Example Really Matter to Autonomous Driving? Towards System-Level Effect of Adversarial Object Evasion Attackcited by 37
- 2022Tracking Objects as Pixel-wise Distributionscited by 36
- 2021MMPTRACK: Large-scale Densely Annotated Multi-camera Multiple People Tracking Benchmarkcited by 28
12 most cited of 157 All 157 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Leaderboard Scores: A Deployment-Focused Protocol for Interpretable Tracking Evaluation in Pedestrian-Centric Environments1 Oct 2026
- 2026ByteTraX: Enhancing the ByteTrack Architecture with Optimised Thresholding29 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Survey: A Systematic Empirical Study of Detection and Association in Visual MOT14 Sep 2026
- 2026EECTracker: Swarm Motion Prior-Guided Feature Compensation for Airborne Optical UAV Swarm Tracking14 Sep 2026
- 2026Real-Time Automatic License Plate Recognition Using YOLOv8, SORT Tracking, and Temporal Data Interpolation3 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Multi-Object-Tracking with Radar on a Fast Moving Vehicle: On the Potential of Processing Radar in the Frequency Domain15 Apr 2026
- 2026SCT-MOT: Enhancing Air-to-Air Multiple UAVs Tracking with Swarm-Coupled Motion and Trajectory Guidance8 Apr 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Attacks on AI Surveillance Systems:Detection, Tracking, and Visible--Infrared Evasion8 Apr 2026
- 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Tracking6 Mar 2026
- 2026Video-based Locomotion Analysis for Fish Health Monitoring5 Mar 2026
- 2026Person Detection and Tracking from an Overhead Crane LiDAR5 Mar 2026
- 2026Detecting Object Tracking Failure via Sequential Hypothesis Testing13 Feb 2026
12 newest of 157 All 157 (JSON)