CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perception
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Abstract (arXiv)
Autonomous driving requires an accurate and fast 3D perception system that includes 3D object detection, tracking, and segmentation. Although recent low-cost camera-based approaches have shown promising results, they are susceptible to poor illumination or bad weather conditions and have a large localization error. Hence, fusing camera with low-cost radar, which provides precise long-range measurement and operates reliably in all environments, is promising but has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we propose Camera Radar Net (CRN), a novel camera-radar fusion framework that generates a semantically rich and spatially accurate bird's-eye-view (BEV) feature map for various tasks. To overcome the lack of spatial information in an image, we transform perspective view image features to BEV with the help of sparse but accurate radar points. We further aggregate image and radar feature maps in BEV using multi-modal deformable attention designed to tackle the spatial misalignment between inputs. CRN with real-time setting operates at 20 FPS while achieving comparable performance to LiDAR detectors on nuScenes, and even outperforms at a far distance on 100m setting. Moreover, CRN with offline setting yields 62.4% NDS, 57.5% mAP on nuScenes test set and ranks first among all camera and camera-radar 3D object detectors.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 73 of its 97 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2023.
Builds on
73 of 97 references.
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50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 9; 2024: 26; 2025: 27; 2026: 19.
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- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 57
- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 37
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 27
- 2024BEVCar: Camera-Radar Fusion for BEV Map and Object Segmentationcited by 27
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 27
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
- 2023RCM-Fusion: Radar-Camera Multi-Level Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
38 more
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 21
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 19
- 2023HVDetFusion: A Simple and Robust Camera-Radar Fusion Frameworkcited by 18
- 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radarcited by 18
- 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 18
- 2024CRT-Fusion: Camera, Radar, Temporal Fusion Using Motion Information for 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2024Talk2Radar: Bridging Natural Language with 4D mmWave Radar for 3D Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 17
- 2024MSSF: A 4D Radar and Camera Fusion Framework With Multi-Stage Sampling for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
- 2024HGSFusion: Radar-Camera Fusion with Hybrid Generation and Synchronization for 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2023Sparse Beats Dense: Rethinking Supervision in Radar-Camera Depth Completioncited by 12
- 2024RCBEVDet++: Toward High-accuracy Radar-Camera Fusion 3D Perception Networkcited by 11
- 2023Radars for Autonomous Driving: A Review of Deep Learning Methods and Challengescited by 10
- 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2025RaGS: Unleashing 3D Gaussian Splatting from 4D Radar and Monocular Cues for 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2024UniBEVFusion: Unified Radar-Vision BEVFusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2025RadarLLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Understand Human Motion from Millimeter-Wave Point Cloud Sequencecited by 7
- 2024RCDN: Towards Robust Camera-Insensitivity Collaborative Perception via Dynamic Feature-based 3D Neural Modelingcited by 6
- 2025ZFusion: An Effective Fuser of Camera and 4D Radar for 3D Object Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 5
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospectscited by 5
- 2025RC-AutoCalib: An End-to-End Radar-Camera Automatic Calibration Networkcited by 4
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2024OE-BevSeg: An Object Informed and Environment Aware Multimodal Framework for Bird's-eye-view Vehicle Semantic Segmentationcited by 3
- 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusioncited by 3
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025CaRaFFusion: Improving 2D Semantic Segmentation with Camera-Radar Point Cloud Fusion and Zero-Shot Image Inpaintingcited by 2
- 2025RESAR-BEV: An Explainable Progressive Residual Autoregressive Approach for Camera-Radar Fusion in BEV Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025RQR3D: Reparametrizing the regression targets for BEV-based 3D object detectioncited by 2
- 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformationcited by 2
- 2025RISE: Single Static Radar-based Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 2
- 2026Boosting Instance Awareness via Cross-View Correlation with 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2026To View Transform or Not to View Transform: NeRF-based Pre-training Perspectivecited by 2
- 2024A Resource Efficient Fusion Network for Object Detection in Bird's-Eye View using Camera and Raw Radar Datacited by 1
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026SGDet3D++: Geometry-Grounded Semantics for 4D Radar and Camera 3D Object Detection23 Sep 2026
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection29 Aug 2026
- 2026RAF: Reliability-Aware Fusion of Camera, LiDAR, and 4D RADAR for Robust 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather6 Jul 2026
- 2026CRISP: A Spatiotemporal Camera-Radar Backbone for Driving via Forecasting-Based World-Model Pretraining5 Jul 2026
- 2026Sparse4D-Radar: An Efficient and Robust Framework for Surround-View 3D Object Detection via 4D Radar-Camera Fusion5 Jul 2026
- 2026LLM-Empowered Multimodal Fusion Framework for Autonomous Driving: Semantic Enhancement and Channel-Adaptive Design2 Jul 2026
- 2026Horizon3D: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for Long-Range 3D Perception in Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2026
- 2026GraphBEV++: Multi-Modal Feature Alignment for Autonomous Driving15 Jun 2026
- 2026A Camera-Cooperative ISAC Framework for Multimodal Non-Cooperative UAVs Sensing21 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026CLLAP: Contrastive Learning-based LiDAR-Augmented Pretraining for Enhanced Radar-Camera Fusion27 Apr 2026
- 2026CAM3DNet: Comprehensively mining the multi-scale features for 3D Object Detection with Multi-View Cameras18 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Radar-Camera BEV Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Attention Bridge for Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation14 Apr 2026
- 2026Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion using Hybrid Attention for Autonomous Driving6 Apr 2026
- 2026To View Transform or Not to View Transform: NeRF-based Pre-training Perspective30 Mar 2026
- 2026DarkDriving: A Real-World Day and Night Aligned Dataset for Autonomous Driving in the Dark Environment18 Mar 2026
- 2026RaUF: Learning the Spatial Uncertainty Field of Radar1 Mar 2026
- 2026Boosting Instance Awareness via Cross-View Correlation with 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Object Detection24 Feb 2026
- 2026Instance-Guided Radar Depth Estimation for 3D Object Detection27 Jan 2026
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2025RISE: Single Static Radar-based Indoor Scene Understanding18 Nov 2025
- 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Prediction10 Nov 2025
- 2025Layer-Wise Modality Decomposition for Interpretable Multimodal Sensor Fusion2 Nov 2025
- 2025FIN: Fast Inference Network for Map Segmentation1 Oct 2025
- 2025MLF-4DRCNet: Multi-Level Fusion with 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving23 Sep 2025
- 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusion22 Sep 2025
- 2025PAN: Pillars-Attention-Based Network for 3D Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformation6 Sep 2025
- 2025RCDINO: Enhancing Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with DINOv2 Semantic Features21 Aug 2025
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2025RaGS: Unleashing 3D Gaussian Splatting from 4D Radar and Monocular Cues for 3D Object Detection26 Jul 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025RC-AutoCalib: An End-to-End Radar-Camera Automatic Calibration Network28 May 2025
- 2025RQR3D: Reparametrizing the regression targets for BEV-based 3D object detection23 May 2025
- 2025RESAR-BEV: An Explainable Progressive Residual Autoregressive Approach for Camera-Radar Fusion in BEV Segmentation10 May 2025
- 2025CaRaFFusion: Improving 2D Semantic Segmentation with Camera-Radar Point Cloud Fusion and Zero-Shot Image Inpainting6 May 2025
- 2025Synthesizing and Identifying Noise Levels in Autonomous Vehicle Camera Radar Datasets1 May 2025
- 2025Revisiting Radar Camera Alignment by Contrastive Learning for 3D Object Detection23 Apr 2025
- 2025RadarLLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Understand Human Motion from Millimeter-Wave Point Cloud Sequence14 Apr 2025
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection12 Apr 2025
- 2025ZFusion: An Effective Fuser of Camera and 4D Radar for 3D Object Perception in Autonomous Driving4 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Vision3 Apr 2025
- 2025BEVMOSNet: Multimodal Fusion for BEV Moving Object Segmentation5 Mar 2025
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perception26 Jan 2025
- 2025MORDA: A Synthetic Dataset to Facilitate Adaptation of Object Detectors to Unseen Real-target Domain While Preserving Performance on Real-source Domain9 Jan 2025
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusion17 Dec 2024
- 2024HGSFusion: Radar-Camera Fusion with Hybrid Generation and Synchronization for 3D Object Detection16 Dec 2024
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Driving14 Dec 2024
- 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection29 Nov 2024
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026GraphBEV++: Multi-Modal Feature Alignment for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026LLM-Empowered Multimodal Fusion Framework for Autonomous Driving: Semantic Enhancement and Channel-Adaptive Designcited by 0
- 2026LLM-Empowered Multimodal Fusion Framework for Autonomous Driving: Semantic Enhancement and Channel-Adaptive Design2 Jul 2026
- 2026GraphBEV++: Multi-Modal Feature Alignment for Autonomous Driving15 Jun 2026
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving2 Jun 2024
- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 57
- 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 27
- 2024BEVCar: Camera-Radar Fusion for BEV Map and Object Segmentationcited by 27
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 27
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
- 2023RCM-Fusion: Radar-Camera Multi-Level Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
12 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026SGDet3D++: Geometry-Grounded Semantics for 4D Radar and Camera 3D Object Detection23 Sep 2026
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection29 Aug 2026
- 2026RAF: Reliability-Aware Fusion of Camera, LiDAR, and 4D RADAR for Robust 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather6 Jul 2026
- 2026Sparse4D-Radar: An Efficient and Robust Framework for Surround-View 3D Object Detection via 4D Radar-Camera Fusion5 Jul 2026
- 2026Horizon3D: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for Long-Range 3D Perception in Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2026
- 2026A Camera-Cooperative ISAC Framework for Multimodal Non-Cooperative UAVs Sensing21 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026CLLAP: Contrastive Learning-based LiDAR-Augmented Pretraining for Enhanced Radar-Camera Fusion27 Apr 2026
- 2026CAM3DNet: Comprehensively mining the multi-scale features for 3D Object Detection with Multi-View Cameras18 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Camera BEV Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Attention Bridge for Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation14 Apr 2026
- 2026Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion using Hybrid Attention for Autonomous Driving6 Apr 2026
- 2026To View Transform or Not to View Transform: NeRF-based Pre-training Perspective30 Mar 2026
12 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)