mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perception

arXiv 2304.00670 ↗First posted 3 Apr 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.ROcited by 81

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Autonomous driving requires an accurate and fast 3D perception system that includes 3D object detection, tracking, and segmentation. Although recent low-cost camera-based approaches have shown promising results, they are susceptible to poor illumination or bad weather conditions and have a large localization error. Hence, fusing camera with low-cost radar, which provides precise long-range measurement and operates reliably in all environments, is promising but has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we propose Camera Radar Net (CRN), a novel camera-radar fusion framework that generates a semantically rich and spatially accurate bird's-eye-view (BEV) feature map for various tasks. To overcome the lack of spatial information in an image, we transform perspective view image features to BEV with the help of sparse but accurate radar points. We further aggregate image and radar feature maps in BEV using multi-modal deformable attention designed to tackle the spatial misalignment between inputs. CRN with real-time setting operates at 20 FPS while achieving comparable performance to LiDAR detectors on nuScenes, and even outperforms at a far distance on 100m setting. Moreover, CRN with offline setting yields 62.4% NDS, 57.5% mAP on nuScenes test set and ranks first among all camera and camera-radar 3D object detectors.

Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 73 of its 97 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2023.

Builds on

73 of 97 references.

References · 73

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  4. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  5. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  6. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
  7. 2022A ConvNet for the 2020scited by 3,545
  8. 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
  9. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  10. 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,573
  11. 2019MMDetection: Open MMLab Detection Toolbox and Benchmarkcited by 1,379
  12. 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,213
38 more
  1. 2019KPConv: Flexible and Deformable Convolution for Point Cloudscited by 1,202
  2. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  3. 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
  4. 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,040
  5. 2016Deep Networks with Stochastic Depthcited by 973
  6. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
  7. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
  8. 2022BEVFusion: Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion with Unified Bird's-Eye View Representationcited by 844
  9. 2021Going deeper with Image Transformerscited by 759
  10. 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 711
  11. 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
  12. 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
  13. 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 568
  14. 2022PETR: Position Embedding Transformation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 550
  15. 2022TransFusion: Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection with Transformerscited by 464
  16. 2019PointPainting: Sequential Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 449
  17. 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 444
  18. 20193D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 437
  19. 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
  20. 2020Point-GNN: Graph Neural Network for 3D Object Detection in a Point Cloudcited by 335
  21. 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 334
  22. 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
  23. 2017Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregationcited by 325
  24. 2021HDMapNet: An Online HD Map Construction and Evaluation Frameworkcited by 280
  25. 2022Cross-view Transformers for real-time Map-view Semantic Segmentationcited by 264
  26. 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
  27. 2021FIERY: Future Instance Prediction in Bird's-Eye View from Surround Monocular Camerascited by 239
  28. 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
  29. 2022Unifying Voxel-based Representation with Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 202
  30. 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 177
  31. 20203D-CVF: Generating Joint Camera and LiDAR Features Using Cross-View Spatial Feature Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 176
  32. 2020Predicting Semantic Map Representations from Images using Pyramid Occupancy Networkscited by 175
  33. 2022Sparse4D: Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Sparse Spatial-Temporal Fusioncited by 161
  34. 2020CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 159
  35. 2020CLOCs: Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 147
  36. 2022PolarFormer: Multi-camera 3D Object Detection with Polar Transformercited by 147
  37. 2020Pillar-based Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
  38. 2022Simple-BEV: What Really Matters for Multi-Sensor BEV Perception?cited by 128

50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 9; 2024: 26; 2025: 27; 2026: 19.

81 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
  2. 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
  3. 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 57
  4. 2024A Survey on Occupancy Perception for Autonomous Driving: The Information Fusion Perspectivecited by 37
  5. 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 37
  6. 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
  7. 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 27
  8. 2024BEVCar: Camera-Radar Fusion for BEV Map and Object Segmentationcited by 27
  9. 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 27
  10. 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
  11. 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
  12. 2023RCM-Fusion: Radar-Camera Multi-Level Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
38 more
  1. 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
  2. 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 21
  3. 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 19
  4. 2023HVDetFusion: A Simple and Robust Camera-Radar Fusion Frameworkcited by 18
  5. 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radarcited by 18
  6. 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 18
  7. 2024CRT-Fusion: Camera, Radar, Temporal Fusion Using Motion Information for 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
  8. 2024Talk2Radar: Bridging Natural Language with 4D mmWave Radar for 3D Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 17
  9. 2024MSSF: A 4D Radar and Camera Fusion Framework With Multi-Stage Sampling for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
  10. 2024HGSFusion: Radar-Camera Fusion with Hybrid Generation and Synchronization for 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
  11. 2023Sparse Beats Dense: Rethinking Supervision in Radar-Camera Depth Completioncited by 12
  12. 2024RCBEVDet++: Toward High-accuracy Radar-Camera Fusion 3D Perception Networkcited by 11
  13. 2023Radars for Autonomous Driving: A Review of Deep Learning Methods and Challengescited by 10
  14. 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
  15. 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
  16. 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  17. 2025RaGS: Unleashing 3D Gaussian Splatting from 4D Radar and Monocular Cues for 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  18. 2024SpaRC: Sparse Radar-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
  19. 2024UniBEVFusion: Unified Radar-Vision BEVFusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  20. 2025RadarLLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Understand Human Motion from Millimeter-Wave Point Cloud Sequencecited by 7
  21. 2024RCDN: Towards Robust Camera-Insensitivity Collaborative Perception via Dynamic Feature-based 3D Neural Modelingcited by 6
  22. 2025ZFusion: An Effective Fuser of Camera and 4D Radar for 3D Object Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
  23. 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 5
  24. 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
  25. 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospectscited by 5
  26. 2025RC-AutoCalib: An End-to-End Radar-Camera Automatic Calibration Networkcited by 4
  27. 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
  28. 2024OE-BevSeg: An Object Informed and Environment Aware Multimodal Framework for Bird's-eye-view Vehicle Semantic Segmentationcited by 3
  29. 2025RCTDistill: Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation Framework for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection with Temporal Fusioncited by 3
  30. 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
  31. 2025CaRaFFusion: Improving 2D Semantic Segmentation with Camera-Radar Point Cloud Fusion and Zero-Shot Image Inpaintingcited by 2
  32. 2025RESAR-BEV: An Explainable Progressive Residual Autoregressive Approach for Camera-Radar Fusion in BEV Segmentationcited by 2
  33. 2025RQR3D: Reparametrizing the regression targets for BEV-based 3D object detectioncited by 2
  34. 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformationcited by 2
  35. 2025RISE: Single Static Radar-based Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 2
  36. 2026Boosting Instance Awareness via Cross-View Correlation with 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
  37. 2026To View Transform or Not to View Transform: NeRF-based Pre-training Perspectivecited by 2
  38. 2024A Resource Efficient Fusion Network for Object Detection in Bird's-Eye View using Camera and Raw Radar Datacited by 1

50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)