mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Playing for Benchmarks

arXiv 1709.07322 ↗First posted 21 Sep 2017cs.CVcited by 169

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present a benchmark suite for visual perception. The benchmark is based on more than 250K high-resolution video frames, all annotated with ground-truth data for both low-level and high-level vision tasks, including optical flow, semantic instance segmentation, object detection and tracking, object-level 3D scene layout, and visual odometry. Ground-truth data for all tasks is available for every frame. The data was collected while driving, riding, and walking a total of 184 kilometers in diverse ambient conditions in a realistic virtual world. To create the benchmark, we have developed a new approach to collecting ground-truth data from simulated worlds without access to their source code or content. We conduct statistical analyses that show that the composition of the scenes in the benchmark closely matches the composition of corresponding physical environments. The realism of the collected data is further validated via perceptual experiments. We analyze the performance of state-of-the-art methods for multiple tasks, providing reference baselines and highlighting challenges for future research. The supplementary video can be viewed at https://youtu.be/T9OybWv923Y

Key facts. Cited by 169 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2020: 1; 2021: 37; 2022: 34; 2023: 32; 2024: 29; 2025: 20; 2026: 16.

169 papers.

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  1. 2021GMFlow: Learning Optical Flow via Global Matchingcited by 324
  2. 2023Spring: A High-Resolution High-Detail Dataset and Benchmark for Scene Flow, Optical Flow and Stereocited by 170
  3. 2024SEA-RAFT: Simple, Efficient, Accurate RAFT for Optical Flowcited by 169
  4. 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
  5. 2022SHIFT: A Synthetic Driving Dataset for Continuous Multi-Task Domain Adaptationcited by 146
  6. 2021A Survey on Deep Learning Technique for Video Segmentationcited by 132
  7. 2021Simple multi-dataset detectioncited by 126
  8. 20214DComplete: Non-Rigid Motion Estimation Beyond the Observable Surfacecited by 123
  9. 2021MSeg: A Composite Dataset for Multi-domain Semantic Segmentationcited by 122
  10. 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
  11. 2021AutoFlow: Learning a Better Training Set for Optical Flowcited by 102
  12. 2022KING: Generating Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios for Robust Imitation via Kinematics Gradientscited by 95
38 more
  1. 2021Self-Supervised Pretraining Improves Self-Supervised Pretrainingcited by 81
  2. 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
  3. 2021Enhancing Photorealism Enhancementcited by 74
  4. 2021STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixelcited by 72
  5. 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
  6. 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
  7. 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 63
  8. 2024MemFlow: Optical Flow Estimation and Prediction with Memorycited by 55
  9. 2025AllTracker: Efficient Dense Point Tracking at High Resolutioncited by 54
  10. 2022X-Paste: Revisiting Scalable Copy-Paste for Instance Segmentation using CLIP and StableDiffusioncited by 49
  11. 2023Synthetic Datasets for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 48
  12. 2021Learning to Segment Rigid Motions from Two Framescited by 45
  13. 2021SAIL-VOS 3D: A Synthetic Dataset and Baselines for Object Detection and 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Video Datacited by 38
  14. 2023STEPS: Joint Self-supervised Nighttime Image Enhancement and Depth Estimationcited by 36
  15. 2022CASA: Category-agnostic Skeletal Animal Reconstructioncited by 35
  16. 2021LabOR: Labeling Only if Required for Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentationcited by 33
  17. 2022SynWoodScape: Synthetic Surround-view Fisheye Camera Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
  18. 2022Disentangling Architecture and Training for Optical Flowcited by 32
  19. 2025WAFT: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 32
  20. 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
  21. 2023Edge-guided Multi-domain RGB-to-TIR image Translation for Training Vision Tasks with Challenging Labelscited by 30
  22. 2025DPFlow: Adaptive Optical Flow Estimation with a Dual-Pyramid Frameworkcited by 30
  23. 2022Deformation and Correspondence Aware Unsupervised Synthetic-to-Real Scene Flow Estimation for Point Cloudscited by 28
  24. 2022Neural-Sim: Learning to Generate Training Data with NeRFcited by 27
  25. 2021Self-supervised Geometric Perceptioncited by 26
  26. 2021Learning to Associate Every Segment for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 25
  27. 2021Improving Semi-Supervised and Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentation with Self-Supervised Depth Estimationcited by 25
  28. 2021Monocular Depth Estimation through Virtual-world Supervision and Real-world SfM Self-Supervisioncited by 24
  29. 2021Discover, Hallucinate, and Adapt: Open Compound Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
  30. 2021Slot-VPS: Object-centric Representation Learning for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 24
  31. 2021ACDC: The Adverse Conditions Dataset with Correspondences for Robust Semantic Driving Scene Perceptioncited by 21
  32. 2021Domain Adaptive Video Segmentation via Temporal Consistency Regularizationcited by 21
  33. 2021A Survey of Human Activity Recognition in Smart Homes Based on IoT Sensors Algorithms: Taxonomies, Challenges, and Opportunities with Deep Learningcited by 21
  34. 2024Real-Time 4K Super-Resolution of Compressed AVIF Images. AIS 2024 Challenge Surveycited by 19
  35. 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flowcited by 18
  36. 2024LanEvil: Benchmarking the Robustness of Lane Detection to Environmental Illusionscited by 18
  37. 2021Let's Play for Action: Recognizing Activities of Daily Living by Learning from Life Simulation Video Gamescited by 17
  38. 2022DALL-E for Detection: Language-driven Compositional Image Synthesis for Object Detectioncited by 17

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