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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a benchmark suite for visual perception. The benchmark is based on more than 250K high-resolution video frames, all annotated with ground-truth data for both low-level and high-level vision tasks, including optical flow, semantic instance segmentation, object detection and tracking, object-level 3D scene layout, and visual odometry. Ground-truth data for all tasks is available for every frame. The data was collected while driving, riding, and walking a total of 184 kilometers in diverse ambient conditions in a realistic virtual world. To create the benchmark, we have developed a new approach to collecting ground-truth data from simulated worlds without access to their source code or content. We conduct statistical analyses that show that the composition of the scenes in the benchmark closely matches the composition of corresponding physical environments. The realism of the collected data is further validated via perceptual experiments. We analyze the performance of state-of-the-art methods for multiple tasks, providing reference baselines and highlighting challenges for future research. The supplementary video can be viewed at https://youtu.be/T9OybWv923Y
Key facts. Cited by 169 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2020: 1; 2021: 37; 2022: 34; 2023: 32; 2024: 29; 2025: 20; 2026: 16.
169 papers.
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- 2021GMFlow: Learning Optical Flow via Global Matchingcited by 324
- 2023Spring: A High-Resolution High-Detail Dataset and Benchmark for Scene Flow, Optical Flow and Stereocited by 170
- 2024SEA-RAFT: Simple, Efficient, Accurate RAFT for Optical Flowcited by 169
- 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
- 2022SHIFT: A Synthetic Driving Dataset for Continuous Multi-Task Domain Adaptationcited by 146
- 2021A Survey on Deep Learning Technique for Video Segmentationcited by 132
- 2021Simple multi-dataset detectioncited by 126
- 20214DComplete: Non-Rigid Motion Estimation Beyond the Observable Surfacecited by 123
- 2021MSeg: A Composite Dataset for Multi-domain Semantic Segmentationcited by 122
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2021AutoFlow: Learning a Better Training Set for Optical Flowcited by 102
- 2022KING: Generating Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios for Robust Imitation via Kinematics Gradientscited by 95
38 more
- 2021Self-Supervised Pretraining Improves Self-Supervised Pretrainingcited by 81
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
- 2021Enhancing Photorealism Enhancementcited by 74
- 2021STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixelcited by 72
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 63
- 2024MemFlow: Optical Flow Estimation and Prediction with Memorycited by 55
- 2025AllTracker: Efficient Dense Point Tracking at High Resolutioncited by 54
- 2022X-Paste: Revisiting Scalable Copy-Paste for Instance Segmentation using CLIP and StableDiffusioncited by 49
- 2023Synthetic Datasets for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 48
- 2021Learning to Segment Rigid Motions from Two Framescited by 45
- 2021SAIL-VOS 3D: A Synthetic Dataset and Baselines for Object Detection and 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Video Datacited by 38
- 2023STEPS: Joint Self-supervised Nighttime Image Enhancement and Depth Estimationcited by 36
- 2022CASA: Category-agnostic Skeletal Animal Reconstructioncited by 35
- 2021LabOR: Labeling Only if Required for Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentationcited by 33
- 2022SynWoodScape: Synthetic Surround-view Fisheye Camera Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2022Disentangling Architecture and Training for Optical Flowcited by 32
- 2025WAFT: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 32
- 2022Behavioral Intention Prediction in Driving Scenes: A Surveycited by 30
- 2023Edge-guided Multi-domain RGB-to-TIR image Translation for Training Vision Tasks with Challenging Labelscited by 30
- 2025DPFlow: Adaptive Optical Flow Estimation with a Dual-Pyramid Frameworkcited by 30
- 2022Deformation and Correspondence Aware Unsupervised Synthetic-to-Real Scene Flow Estimation for Point Cloudscited by 28
- 2022Neural-Sim: Learning to Generate Training Data with NeRFcited by 27
- 2021Self-supervised Geometric Perceptioncited by 26
- 2021Learning to Associate Every Segment for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 25
- 2021Improving Semi-Supervised and Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentation with Self-Supervised Depth Estimationcited by 25
- 2021Monocular Depth Estimation through Virtual-world Supervision and Real-world SfM Self-Supervisioncited by 24
- 2021Discover, Hallucinate, and Adapt: Open Compound Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
- 2021Slot-VPS: Object-centric Representation Learning for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 24
- 2021ACDC: The Adverse Conditions Dataset with Correspondences for Robust Semantic Driving Scene Perceptioncited by 21
- 2021Domain Adaptive Video Segmentation via Temporal Consistency Regularizationcited by 21
- 2021A Survey of Human Activity Recognition in Smart Homes Based on IoT Sensors Algorithms: Taxonomies, Challenges, and Opportunities with Deep Learningcited by 21
- 2024Real-Time 4K Super-Resolution of Compressed AVIF Images. AIS 2024 Challenge Surveycited by 19
- 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flowcited by 18
- 2024LanEvil: Benchmarking the Robustness of Lane Detection to Environmental Illusionscited by 18
- 2021Let's Play for Action: Recognizing Activities of Daily Living by Learning from Life Simulation Video Gamescited by 17
- 2022DALL-E for Detection: Language-driven Compositional Image Synthesis for Object Detectioncited by 17
50 most cited of 169 All 169 (JSON)
- 2026FreeFlow: A Bias-free Hierarchical Transformer for Optical Flow Estimation10 Sep 2026
- 2026TAPVid-MV: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Point in 3D Across Multiple Views1 Sep 2026
- 2026WorldRover: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations16 Aug 2026
- 2026SimBEV2X: A Large-Scale Dataset and Data Generation Tool for Multi-Task Vehicle-to-Everything Cooperative Perception27 Jul 2026
- 2026SPEAR: A Simulator for Photorealistic Embodied AI Research7 Jul 2026
- 2026Benchmarking the Robustness of Autonomous Driving to Environmental Illusions: A Lane Perception Perspective7 Jul 2026
- 2026PairedGTA: Generating Driving Datasets for Controlled Photometric Shift Analysis31 May 2026
- 2026Depth2Pose: A Pose-Based Benchmark for Monocular Depth Estimation without Ground-Truth Depth19 May 2026
- 2026U-SEG: Uncertainty in SEGmentation -- A systematic multi-variable exploration14 May 2026
- 2026U2Flow: Uncertainty-Aware Unsupervised Optical Flow Estimation11 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative World Renderer2 Apr 2026
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flow30 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026MegaFlow: Zero-Shot Large Displacement Optical Flow26 Mar 2026
- 2026HyPER-GAN: Hybrid Patch-Based Image-to-Image Translation for Real-Time Photorealism Enhancement in Game Engines11 Mar 2026
- 2026Track4World: Feedforward World-centric Dense 3D Tracking of All Pixels3 Mar 2026
- 2026Deep Learning-Based Object Detection for Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study of One-Stage and Two-Stage Detectors on Basic Traffic Objects30 Jan 2026
- 2025AVOID: The Adverse Visual Conditions Dataset with Obstacles for Driving Scene Understanding29 Dec 2025
- 2025R3ST: A Synthetic 3D Dataset With Realistic Trajectories18 Dec 2025
- 2025Instant Video Models: Universal Adapters for Stabilizing Image-Based Networks2 Dec 2025
- 2025SPORTS: Simultaneous Panoptic Odometry, Rendering, Tracking and Segmentation for Urban Scenes Understanding14 Oct 2025
- 2025Synthetic Dataset Evaluation Based on Generalized Cross Validation14 Sep 2025
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Bases5 Sep 2025
- 2025DriveQA: Passing the Driving Knowledge Test29 Aug 2025
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Models11 Jul 2025
- 2025Online Human Action Detection during Escorting30 Jun 2025
- 2025MEMFOF: High-Resolution Training for Memory-Efficient Multi-Frame Optical Flow Estimation29 Jun 2025
- 2025WAFT: Warping-Alone Field Transforms for Optical Flow26 Jun 2025
- 2025RealDriveSim: A Realistic Multi-Modal Multi-Task Synthetic Dataset for Autonomous Driving19 Jun 2025
- 2025AllTracker: Efficient Dense Point Tracking at High Resolution8 Jun 2025
- 2025UniHM: Universal Human Motion Generation with Object Interactions in Indoor Scenes19 May 2025
- 2025RobustSpring: Benchmarking Robustness to Image Corruptions for Optical Flow, Scene Flow and Stereo14 May 2025
- 2025ClaraVid: A Holistic Scene Reconstruction Benchmark From Aerial Perspective With Delentropy-Based Complexity Profiling22 Mar 2025
- 2025Auto-Regressive Diffusion for Generating 3D Human-Object Interactions21 Mar 2025
- 2025DPFlow: Adaptive Optical Flow Estimation with a Dual-Pyramid Framework19 Mar 2025
- 2025MambaFlow: A Mamba-Centric Architecture for End-to-End Optical Flow Estimation10 Mar 2025
- 2025MORDA: A Synthetic Dataset to Facilitate Adaptation of Object Detectors to Unseen Real-target Domain While Preserving Performance on Real-source Domain9 Jan 2025
- 2024CompactFlowNet: Efficient Real-time Optical Flow Estimation on Mobile Devices17 Dec 2024
- 2024SEED4D: A Synthetic Ego--Exo Dynamic 4D Data Generator, Driving Dataset and Benchmark1 Dec 2024
- 2024DMFourLLIE: Dual-Stage and Multi-Branch Fourier Network for Low-Light Image Enhancement1 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Synthetic Data Generation for Improved Pain Recognition in Videos under Patient Constraints24 Sep 2024
- 2024Automatic Scene Generation: State-of-the-Art Techniques, Models, Datasets, Challenges, and Future Prospects14 Sep 2024
- 2024LayeredFlow: A Real-World Benchmark for Non-Lambertian Multi-Layer Optical Flow9 Sep 2024
- 2024MICDrop: Masking Image and Depth Features via Complementary Dropout for Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentation29 Aug 2024
- 2024Identifying Crucial Objects in Blind and Low-Vision Individuals' Navigation23 Aug 2024
- 2024Real-Time Incremental Explanations for Object Detectors in Autonomous Driving21 Aug 2024
- 2024PiPa++: Towards Unification of Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation via Self-supervised Learning24 Jul 2024
- 2024A Dataset for Crucial Object Recognition in Blind and Low-Vision Individuals' Navigation23 Jul 2024
- 2024Automated Label Unification for Multi-Dataset Semantic Segmentation with GNNs15 Jul 2024
- 2024Noisy Annotations in Semantic Segmentation16 Jun 2024
- 2024PLT-D3: A High-fidelity Dynamic Driving Simulation Dataset for Stereo Depth and Scene Flow11 Jun 2024
50 newest of 169 All 169 (JSON)
- 2022KING: Generating Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios for Robust Imitation via Kinematics Gradientscited by 95
- 2024OASim: an Open and Adaptive Simulator based on Neural Rendering for Autonomous Drivingcited by 10
- 2025DriveQA: Passing the Driving Knowledge Testcited by 10
- 2024Towards Validation of Autonomous Vehicles Across Scales using an Integrated Digital Twin Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026Benchmarking the Robustness of Autonomous Driving to Environmental Illusions: A Lane Perception Perspectivecited by 1
- 2026Benchmarking the Robustness of Autonomous Driving to Environmental Illusions: A Lane Perception Perspective7 Jul 2026
- 2025DriveQA: Passing the Driving Knowledge Test29 Aug 2025
- 2024Towards Validation of Autonomous Vehicles Across Scales using an Integrated Digital Twin Framework20 Feb 2024
- 2024OASim: an Open and Adaptive Simulator based on Neural Rendering for Autonomous Driving6 Feb 2024
- 2022KING: Generating Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios for Robust Imitation via Kinematics Gradients28 Apr 2022
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2022DALL-E for Detection: Language-driven Compositional Image Synthesis for Object Detectioncited by 17
- 2023Beyond Generation: Harnessing Text to Image Models for Object Detection and Segmentationcited by 10
- 2023Diffusion Dataset Generation: Towards Closing the Sim2Real Gap for Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Beyond Generation: Harnessing Text to Image Models for Object Detection and Segmentation12 Sep 2023
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimation2 Jun 2023
- 2023Diffusion Dataset Generation: Towards Closing the Sim2Real Gap for Pedestrian Detection16 May 2023
- 2022DALL-E for Detection: Language-driven Compositional Image Synthesis for Object Detection20 Jun 2022
- 2021GMFlow: Learning Optical Flow via Global Matchingcited by 324
- 2023Spring: A High-Resolution High-Detail Dataset and Benchmark for Scene Flow, Optical Flow and Stereocited by 170
- 2024SEA-RAFT: Simple, Efficient, Accurate RAFT for Optical Flowcited by 169
- 2023DynamicStereo: Consistent Dynamic Depth from Stereo Videoscited by 147
- 2022SHIFT: A Synthetic Driving Dataset for Continuous Multi-Task Domain Adaptationcited by 146
- 2021A Survey on Deep Learning Technique for Video Segmentationcited by 132
- 2021Simple multi-dataset detectioncited by 126
- 20214DComplete: Non-Rigid Motion Estimation Beyond the Observable Surfacecited by 123
- 2021MSeg: A Composite Dataset for Multi-domain Semantic Segmentationcited by 122
- 2021AutoFlow: Learning a Better Training Set for Optical Flowcited by 102
- 2021Self-Supervised Pretraining Improves Self-Supervised Pretrainingcited by 81
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
12 most cited of 158 All 158 (JSON)
- 2026FreeFlow: A Bias-free Hierarchical Transformer for Optical Flow Estimation10 Sep 2026
- 2026TAPVid-MV: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Point in 3D Across Multiple Views1 Sep 2026
- 2026WorldRover: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations16 Aug 2026
- 2026SimBEV2X: A Large-Scale Dataset and Data Generation Tool for Multi-Task Vehicle-to-Everything Cooperative Perception27 Jul 2026
- 2026SPEAR: A Simulator for Photorealistic Embodied AI Research7 Jul 2026
- 2026PairedGTA: Generating Driving Datasets for Controlled Photometric Shift Analysis31 May 2026
- 2026Depth2Pose: A Pose-Based Benchmark for Monocular Depth Estimation without Ground-Truth Depth19 May 2026
- 2026U-SEG: Uncertainty in SEGmentation -- A systematic multi-variable exploration14 May 2026
- 2026U2Flow: Uncertainty-Aware Unsupervised Optical Flow Estimation11 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative World Renderer2 Apr 2026
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flow30 Mar 2026
- 2026MegaFlow: Zero-Shot Large Displacement Optical Flow26 Mar 2026
12 newest of 158 All 158 (JSON)