mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ForgeryNet: A Versatile Benchmark for Comprehensive Forgery Analysis

arXiv 2103.05630 ↗First posted 9 Mar 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 124

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Abstract (arXiv)

The rapid progress of photorealistic synthesis techniques has reached at a critical point where the boundary between real and manipulated images starts to blur. Thus, benchmarking and advancing digital forgery analysis have become a pressing issue. However, existing face forgery datasets either have limited diversity or only support coarse-grained analysis. To counter this emerging threat, we construct the ForgeryNet dataset, an extremely large face forgery dataset with unified annotations in image- and video-level data across four tasks: 1) Image Forgery Classification, including two-way (real / fake), three-way (real / fake with identity-replaced forgery approaches / fake with identity-remained forgery approaches), and n-way (real and 15 respective forgery approaches) classification. 2) Spatial Forgery Localization, which segments the manipulated area of fake images compared to their corresponding source real images. 3) Video Forgery Classification, which re-defines the video-level forgery classification with manipulated frames in random positions. This task is important because attackers in real world are free to manipulate any target frame. and 4) Temporal Forgery Localization, to localize the temporal segments which are manipulated. ForgeryNet is by far the largest publicly available deep face forgery dataset in terms of data-scale (2.9 million images, 221,247 videos), manipulations (7 image-level approaches, 8 video-level approaches), perturbations (36 independent and more mixed perturbations) and annotations (6.3 million classification labels, 2.9 million manipulated area annotations and 221,247 temporal forgery segment labels). We perform extensive benchmarking and studies of existing face forensics methods and obtain several valuable observations.

Key facts. Cited by 124 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2021.

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48 of 63 references.

References · 48

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 18; 2023: 20; 2024: 28; 2025: 34; 2026: 21.

124 papers.

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  1. 2023GenImage: A Million-Scale Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated Imagecited by 318
  2. 2022Leveraging Real Talking Faces via Self-Supervision for Robust Forgery Detectioncited by 130
  3. 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  4. 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
  5. 2024SIDA: Social Media Image Deepfake Detection, Localization and Explanation with Large Multimodal Modelcited by 107
  6. 2023AV-Deepfake1M: A Large-Scale LLM-Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Datasetcited by 79
  7. 2023Seeing is not always believing: Benchmarking Human and Model Perception of AI-Generated Imagescited by 65
  8. 2024MMIU: Multimodal Multi-image Understanding for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 61
  9. 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
  10. 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 42
  11. 2024Diffusion Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 41
  12. 2025Deepfake-Eval-2024: A Multi-Modal In-the-Wild Benchmark of Deepfakes Circulated in 2024cited by 40
38 more
  1. 2023Robustness and Generalizability of Deepfake Detection: A Study with Diffusion Modelscited by 36
  2. 2024FakeBench: Probing Explainable Fake Image Detection via Large Multimodal Modelscited by 36
  3. 2022Detecting and Recovering Sequential DeepFake Manipulationcited by 34
  4. 2023UMMAFormer: A Universal Multimodal-adaptive Transformer Framework for Temporal Forgery Localizationcited by 33
  5. 2024Dyadic Interaction Modeling for Social Behavior Generationcited by 32
  6. 2025BusterX++: Towards Unified Cross-Modal AI-Generated Content Detection and Explanation with MLLMcited by 28
  7. 2023Contrastive Pseudo Learning for Open-World DeepFake Attributioncited by 27
  8. 2023Weakly-supervised deepfake localization in diffusion-generated imagescited by 24
  9. 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
  10. 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
  11. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  12. 2023Emotional Listener Portrait: Neural Listener Head Generation with Emotioncited by 17
  13. 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
  14. 2024MiRAGeNews: Multimodal Realistic AI-Generated News Detectioncited by 15
  15. 2023AI-Generated Images as Data Source: The Dawn of Synthetic Eracited by 13
  16. 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
  17. 2022A Review of Deep Learning-based Approaches for Deepfake Content Detectioncited by 12
  18. 2024Delocate: Detection and Localization for Deepfake Videos with Randomly-Located Tampered Tracescited by 12
  19. 2024GenFace: A Large-Scale Fine-Grained Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learningcited by 12
  20. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  21. 2024Vulnerabilities in AI-generated Image Detection: The Challenge of Adversarial Attackscited by 12
  22. 2023Avatar Fingerprinting for Authorized Use of Synthetic Talking-Head Videoscited by 11
  23. 2024Towards Understanding Unsafe Video Generationcited by 10
  24. 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
  25. 2025AI-GenBench: A New Ongoing Benchmark for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 10
  26. 2022Hierarchical Forgery Classifier On Multi-modality Face Forgery Cluescited by 9
  27. 2025MAVOS-DD: Multilingual Audio-Video Open-Set Deepfake Detection Benchmarkcited by 9
  28. 2025OpenFake: An Open Dataset and Platform Toward Real-World Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
  29. 2022Cross-Forgery Analysis of Vision Transformers and CNNs for Deepfake Image Detectioncited by 8
  30. 2023Real Face Foundation Representation Learning for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
  31. 2023Unsupervised Multimodal Deepfake Detection Using Intra- and Cross-Modal Inconsistenciescited by 8
  32. 2023DomainForensics: Exposing Face Forgery across Domains via Bi-directional Adaptationcited by 8
  33. 2024Semantic Contextualization of Face Forgery: A New Definition, Dataset, and Detection Methodcited by 8
  34. 2024Thinking Racial Bias in Fair Forgery Detection: Models, Datasets and Evaluationscited by 8
  35. 2025AV-Deepfake1M++: A Large-Scale Audio-Visual Deepfake Benchmark with Real-World Perturbationscited by 8
  36. 2025Can Multi-modal (reasoning) LLMs detect document manipulation?cited by 7
  37. 2022Video Manipulations Beyond Faces: A Dataset with Human-Machine Analysiscited by 6
  38. 2022Hybrid Transformer Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 6

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