mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

OpenForensics: Large-Scale Challenging Dataset For Multi-Face Forgery Detection And Segmentation In-The-Wild

arXiv 2107.14480 ↗First posted 30 Jul 2021cs.CVcited by 50

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Abstract (arXiv)

The proliferation of deepfake media is raising concerns among the public and relevant authorities. It has become essential to develop countermeasures against forged faces in social media. This paper presents a comprehensive study on two new countermeasure tasks: multi-face forgery detection and segmentation in-the-wild. Localizing forged faces among multiple human faces in unrestricted natural scenes is far more challenging than the traditional deepfake recognition task. To promote these new tasks, we have created the first large-scale dataset posing a high level of challenges that is designed with face-wise rich annotations explicitly for face forgery detection and segmentation, namely OpenForensics. With its rich annotations, our OpenForensics dataset has great potentials for research in both deepfake prevention and general human face detection. We have also developed a suite of benchmarks for these tasks by conducting an extensive evaluation of state-of-the-art instance detection and segmentation methods on our newly constructed dataset in various scenarios. The dataset, benchmark results, codes, and supplementary materials will be publicly available on our project page: https://sites.google.com/view/ltnghia/research/openforensics

Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 62 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2021.

Builds on

62 of 95 references.

References · 62

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38 more
  1. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
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  22. 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 251
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 11; 2025: 14; 2026: 10.

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  1. 2022TruFor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localizationcited by 130
  2. 2022Protecting Celebrities from DeepFake with Identity Consistency Transformercited by 95
  3. 2025LEGION: Learning to Ground and Explain for Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 65
  4. 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 42
  5. 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
  6. 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
  7. 2025Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensicscited by 18
  8. 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
  9. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  10. 2024ForgeryGPT: A Multimodal LLM for Interpretable Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 11
  11. 2022Comprint: Image Forgery Detection and Localization using Compression Fingerprintscited by 9
  12. 2025OpenFake: An Open Dataset and Platform Toward Real-World Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
38 more
  1. 2022DeePhy: On Deepfake Phylogenycited by 8
  2. 2024Fusion Transformer with Object Mask Guidance for Image Forgery Analysiscited by 7
  3. 2024Mixture-of-Noises Enhanced Forgery-Aware Predictor for Multi-Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 7
  4. 2024Omni-IML: Towards Unified Image Manipulation Localizationcited by 7
  5. 2022The MeVer DeepFake Detection Service: Lessons Learnt from Developing and Deploying in the Wildcited by 6
  6. 2024Generating Attribution Reports for Manipulated Facial Images: A Dataset and Baselinecited by 6
  7. 2025Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
  8. 2023The Art of Camouflage: Few-Shot Learning for Animal Detection and Segmentationcited by 5
  9. 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  10. 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  11. 20241M-Deepfakes Detection Challengecited by 4
  12. 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
  13. 2025So-Fake: Benchmarking and Explaining Social Media Image Forgery Detectioncited by 4
  14. 2025DDL: A Large-Scale Dataset for Deepfake Detection and Localization in Diversified Real-World Scenarioscited by 4
  15. 2025SEED: A Benchmark Dataset for Sequential Facial Attribute Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  16. 2025DiffSeg30k: A Multi-Turn Diffusion Editing Benchmark for Localized AIGC Detectioncited by 3
  17. 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detectioncited by 2
  18. 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systemscited by 2
  19. 2024LookupForensics: A Large-Scale Multi-Task Dataset for Multi-Phase Image-Based Fact Verificationcited by 2
  20. 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detectioncited by 2
  21. 2023Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection by Primary Region Regularizationcited by 1
  22. 2023DETER: Detecting Edited Regions for Deterring Generative Manipulationscited by 1
  23. 2022Do You Really Mean That? Content Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Dataset and Multimodal Method for Temporal Forgery Localizationcited by 0
  24. 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Surveycited by 0
  25. 2025UGD-IML: A Unified Generative Diffusion-based Framework for Constrained and Unconstrained Image Manipulation Localizationcited by 0
  26. 2025DREAM: A Benchmark Study for Deepfake photoREalism AssessMentcited by 0
  27. 2025Unmasking Facial DeepFakes: A Robust Multiview Detection Framework for Natural Imagescited by 0
  28. 2025Unlocking the Forgery Detection Potential of Vanilla MLLMs: A Novel Training-Free Pipelinecited by 0
  29. 2026CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representationcited by 0
  30. 2026Whether, Which, and Whose: Solving the Triple Challenge of Deepfake Proactive Forensics in Multi-Face Scenarioscited by 0
  31. 2026The Deepfakes We Missed: We Built Detectors for a Threat That Didn't Arrivecited by 0
  32. 2026JECA^2: Judgment-Explanation Consistent Adversarial Attack against Forensic Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  33. 2026The CIFAR Synthetic Evidence Corpus for Detecting AI-Generated Evidencecited by 0
  34. 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
  35. 2026TruEye: Fine-Grained Detection of AI-Generated Human Subjects in Imagescited by 0
  36. 2026TIER: Trajectory-Invariant Explanation Regularization for Membership Privacycited by 0
  37. 2026IMFD: End-to-end Multi-Face Forgery Detection through Instruction-based Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  38. 2026A Benchmark & Dataset for Detecting AI-Manipulated Visual Evidence in the Court Systemcited by 0