OpenForensics: Large-Scale Challenging Dataset For Multi-Face Forgery Detection And Segmentation In-The-Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
The proliferation of deepfake media is raising concerns among the public and relevant authorities. It has become essential to develop countermeasures against forged faces in social media. This paper presents a comprehensive study on two new countermeasure tasks: multi-face forgery detection and segmentation in-the-wild. Localizing forged faces among multiple human faces in unrestricted natural scenes is far more challenging than the traditional deepfake recognition task. To promote these new tasks, we have created the first large-scale dataset posing a high level of challenges that is designed with face-wise rich annotations explicitly for face forgery detection and segmentation, namely OpenForensics. With its rich annotations, our OpenForensics dataset has great potentials for research in both deepfake prevention and general human face detection. We have also developed a suite of benchmarks for these tasks by conducting an extensive evaluation of state-of-the-art instance detection and segmentation methods on our newly constructed dataset in various scenarios. The dataset, benchmark results, codes, and supplementary materials will be publicly available on our project page: https://sites.google.com/view/ltnghia/research/openforensics
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 62 of its 95 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2021.
Builds on
62 of 95 references.
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50 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 11; 2025: 14; 2026: 10.
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- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2026
- 2026JECA^2: Judgment-Explanation Consistent Adversarial Attack against Forensic Vision-Language Models27 May 2026
- 2026The Deepfakes We Missed: We Built Detectors for a Threat That Didn't Arrive12 May 2026
- 2026Whether, Which, and Whose: Solving the Triple Challenge of Deepfake Proactive Forensics in Multi-Face Scenarios29 Apr 2026
- 2026CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representation31 Mar 2026
- 2025DiffSeg30k: A Multi-Turn Diffusion Editing Benchmark for Localized AIGC Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Unlocking the Forgery Detection Potential of Vanilla MLLMs: A Novel Training-Free Pipeline17 Nov 2025
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- 2025UGD-IML: A Unified Generative Diffusion-based Framework for Constrained and Unconstrained Image Manipulation Localization8 Aug 2025
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- 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detection20 Jul 2025
- 2025DDL: A Large-Scale Dataset for Deepfake Detection and Localization in Diversified Real-World Scenarios29 Jun 2025
- 2025SEED: A Benchmark Dataset for Sequential Facial Attribute Editing with Diffusion Models31 May 2025
- 2025So-Fake: Benchmarking and Explaining Social Media Image Forgery Detection24 May 2025
- 2025Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detection7 May 2025
- 2025LEGION: Learning to Ground and Explain for Synthetic Image Detection19 Mar 2025
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- 2024Generating Attribution Reports for Manipulated Facial Images: A Dataset and Baseline27 Dec 2024
- 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Survey26 Nov 2024
- 2024Omni-IML: Towards Unified Image Manipulation Localization22 Nov 2024
- 2024ForgeryGPT: A Multimodal LLM for Interpretable Image Forgery Detection and Localization14 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 20241M-Deepfakes Detection Challenge11 Sep 2024
- 2024Mixture-of-Noises Enhanced Forgery-Aware Predictor for Multi-Face Manipulation Detection and Localization5 Aug 2024
- 2024LookupForensics: A Large-Scale Multi-Task Dataset for Multi-Phase Image-Based Fact Verification26 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024Principles of Designing Robust Remote Face Anti-Spoofing Systems6 Jun 2024
- 2024Fusion Transformer with Object Mask Guidance for Image Forgery Analysis18 Mar 2024
- 2023DETER: Detecting Edited Regions for Deterring Generative Manipulations16 Dec 2023
- 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detection7 Oct 2023
- 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detection3 Aug 2023
- 2023Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection by Primary Region Regularization24 Jul 2023
- 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localization3 May 2023
- 2023The Art of Camouflage: Few-Shot Learning for Animal Detection and Segmentation15 Apr 2023
- 2022TruFor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localization21 Dec 2022
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detection20 Nov 2022
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection16 Nov 2022
- 2022Comprint: Image Forgery Detection and Localization using Compression Fingerprints5 Oct 2022
- 2022DeePhy: On Deepfake Phylogeny19 Sep 2022
- 2022The MeVer DeepFake Detection Service: Lessons Learnt from Developing and Deploying in the Wild27 Apr 2022
- 2022Do You Really Mean That? Content Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Dataset and Multimodal Method for Temporal Forgery Localization13 Apr 2022
- 2022Protecting Celebrities from DeepFake with Identity Consistency Transformer2 Mar 2022
- 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detection13 Feb 2022
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detectioncited by 25
- 2025SEED: A Benchmark Dataset for Sequential Facial Attribute Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025DiffSeg30k: A Multi-Turn Diffusion Editing Benchmark for Localized AIGC Detectioncited by 3
- 2025UGD-IML: A Unified Generative Diffusion-based Framework for Constrained and Unconstrained Image Manipulation Localizationcited by 0
- 2026CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representationcited by 0
- 2026CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representation31 Mar 2026
- 2025DiffSeg30k: A Multi-Turn Diffusion Editing Benchmark for Localized AIGC Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025UGD-IML: A Unified Generative Diffusion-based Framework for Constrained and Unconstrained Image Manipulation Localization8 Aug 2025
- 2025SEED: A Benchmark Dataset for Sequential Facial Attribute Editing with Diffusion Models31 May 2025
- 2022GLFF: Global and Local Feature Fusion for AI-synthesized Image Detection16 Nov 2022
- 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025Unlocking the Forgery Detection Potential of Vanilla MLLMs: A Novel Training-Free Pipelinecited by 0
- 2026JECA^2: Judgment-Explanation Consistent Adversarial Attack against Forensic Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026IMFD: End-to-end Multi-Face Forgery Detection through Instruction-based Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026IMFD: End-to-end Multi-Face Forgery Detection through Instruction-based Large Vision-Language Models17 Sep 2026
- 2026JECA^2: Judgment-Explanation Consistent Adversarial Attack against Forensic Vision-Language Models27 May 2026
- 2025Unlocking the Forgery Detection Potential of Vanilla MLLMs: A Novel Training-Free Pipeline17 Nov 2025
- 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Models19 Mar 2025
- 2022TruFor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localizationcited by 130
- 2022Protecting Celebrities from DeepFake with Identity Consistency Transformercited by 95
- 2025LEGION: Learning to Ground and Explain for Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 65
- 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 42
- 2022MINTIME: Multi-Identity Size-Invariant Video Deepfake Detectioncited by 23
- 2025Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensicscited by 18
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2022Comprint: Image Forgery Detection and Localization using Compression Fingerprintscited by 9
- 2025OpenFake: An Open Dataset and Platform Toward Real-World Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
- 2022DeePhy: On Deepfake Phylogenycited by 8
- 2024Fusion Transformer with Object Mask Guidance for Image Forgery Analysiscited by 7
- 2024Mixture-of-Noises Enhanced Forgery-Aware Predictor for Multi-Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 7
12 most cited of 40 All 40 (JSON)
- 2026A Benchmark & Dataset for Detecting AI-Manipulated Visual Evidence in the Court System29 Sep 2026
- 2026TIER: Trajectory-Invariant Explanation Regularization for Membership Privacy3 Jul 2026
- 2026TruEye: Fine-Grained Detection of AI-Generated Human Subjects in Images25 Jun 2026
- 2026The CIFAR Synthetic Evidence Corpus for Detecting AI-Generated Evidence6 Jun 2026
- 2026Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection3 Jun 2026
- 2026The Deepfakes We Missed: We Built Detectors for a Threat That Didn't Arrive12 May 2026
- 2026Whether, Which, and Whose: Solving the Triple Challenge of Deepfake Proactive Forensics in Multi-Face Scenarios29 Apr 2026
- 2025Unmasking Facial DeepFakes: A Robust Multiview Detection Framework for Natural Images17 Oct 2025
- 2025DREAM: A Benchmark Study for Deepfake photoREalism AssessMent11 Oct 2025
- 2025OpenFake: An Open Dataset and Platform Toward Real-World Deepfake Detection11 Sep 2025
- 2025Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensics24 Jul 2025
- 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detection20 Jul 2025
12 newest of 40 All 40 (JSON)