The 2021 Image Similarity Dataset and Challenge
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper introduces a new benchmark for large-scale image similarity detection. This benchmark is used for the Image Similarity Challenge at NeurIPS'21 (ISC2021). The goal is to determine whether a query image is a modified copy of any image in a reference corpus of size 1~million. The benchmark features a variety of image transformations such as automated transformations, hand-crafted image edits and machine-learning based manipulations. This mimics real-life cases appearing in social media, for example for integrity-related problems dealing with misinformation and objectionable content. The strength of the image manipulations, and therefore the difficulty of the benchmark, is calibrated according to the performance of a set of baseline approaches. Both the query and reference set contain a majority of "distractor" images that do not match, which corresponds to a real-life needle-in-haystack setting, and the evaluation metric reflects that. We expect the DISC21 benchmark to promote image copy detection as an important and challenging computer vision task and refresh the state of the art. Code and data are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/isc2021
Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 73 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2021.
Builds on
26 of 73 references.
References · 26
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
- 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,287
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,114
- 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
- 2016Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine Learningcited by 893
- 2017Fine-tuning CNN Image Retrieval with No Human Annotationcited by 497
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14 more
- 2018Revisiting Oxford and Paris: Large-Scale Image Retrieval Benchmarkingcited by 189
- 2020The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Datasetcited by 125
- 2020CIAGAN: Conditional Identity Anonymization Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 88
- 2019MultiGrain: a unified image embedding for classes and instancescited by 85
- 2019Detecting Photoshopped Faces by Scripting Photoshopcited by 55
- 2020Learning and aggregating deep local descriptors for instance-level recognitioncited by 54
- 2014Visual Instance Retrieval with Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 48
- 2019ViSiL: Fine-grained Spatio-Temporal Video Similarity Learningcited by 41
- 2019Local Features and Visual Words Emerge in Activationscited by 36
- 2019A Simple Explanation for the Existence of Adversarial Examples with Small Hamming Distancecited by 32
- 2018FIVR: Fine-grained Incident Video Retrievalcited by 26
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 9; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasetscited by 635
- 2022Diffusion Art or Digital Forgery? Investigating Data Replication in Diffusion Modelscited by 418
- 2024The Faiss librarycited by 370
- 2022A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detectioncited by 175
- 2024MMIU: Multimodal Multi-image Understanding for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 61
- 2024Watermark Anything with Localized Messagescited by 49
- 2023Real-Fake: Effective Training Data Synthesis Through Distribution Matchingcited by 35
- 2026FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Technical Reportcited by 31
- 2021Contrastive Learning with Large Memory Bank and Negative Embedding Subtraction for Accurate Copy Detectioncited by 23
- 2021Bag of Tricks and A Strong baseline for Image Copy Detectioncited by 14
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Similarity Learningcited by 12
- 2024VideoEval: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Low-Cost Evaluation of Video Foundation Modelcited by 12
32 more
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- 2022Results and findings of the 2021 Image Similarity Challengecited by 10
- 2022A Large-scale Comprehensive Dataset and Copy-overlap Aware Evaluation Protocol for Segment-level Video Copy Detectioncited by 10
- 2022A Benchmark and Asymmetrical-Similarity Learning for Practical Image Copy Detectioncited by 9
- 2023The 2023 Video Similarity Dataset and Challengecited by 9
- 2023Generation or Replication: Auscultating Audio Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 9
- 2022Active Image Indexingcited by 8
- 2021VPN: Video Provenance Network for Robust Content Attributioncited by 7
- 2021D2LV: A Data-Driven and Local-Verification Approach for Image Copy Detectioncited by 7
- 2021Producing augmentation-invariant embeddings from real-life imagerycited by 6
- 2021Nearest neighbor search with compact codes: A decoder perspectivecited by 5
- 2024AnyPattern: Towards In-context Image Copy Detectioncited by 5
- 20213rd Place: A Global and Local Dual Retrieval Solution to Facebook AI Image Similarity Challengecited by 4
- 2023TextANIMAR: Text-based 3D Animal Fine-Grained Retrievalcited by 4
- 2024Image Copy Detection for Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2023SketchANIMAR: Sketch-based 3D Animal Fine-Grained Retrievalcited by 3
- 2023A Dual-level Detection Method for Video Copy Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Efficient Discovery and Effective Evaluation of Visual Perceptual Similarity: A Benchmark and Beyondcited by 3
- 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detectioncited by 2
- 2022General Image Descriptors for Open World Image Retrieval using ViT CLIPcited by 2
- 2023Feature-compatible Progressive Learning for Video Copy Detectioncited by 2
- 20233rd Place Solution to Meta AI Video Similarity Challengecited by 2
- 2024LookupForensics: A Large-Scale Multi-Task Dataset for Multi-Phase Image-Based Fact Verificationcited by 2
- 2025ME: Trigger Element Combination Backdoor Attack on Copyright Infringementcited by 2
- 2022SImProv: Scalable Image Provenance Framework for Robust Content Attributioncited by 1
- 2024Relational Self-supervised Distillation with Compact Descriptors for Image Copy Detectioncited by 1
- 2021QK Iteration: A Self-Supervised Representation Learning Algorithm for Image Similaritycited by 0
- 2024Vector search with small radiusescited by 0
- 2026Tracing Copied Pixels and Regularizing Patch Affinity in Copy Detectioncited by 0
- 2026FIKA-Bench: From Fine-grained Recognition to Fine-Grained Knowledge Acquisitioncited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Memorization Mitigation in Diffusion Models: Reinforcing Text Conditioningcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Memorization Mitigation in Diffusion Models: Reinforcing Text Conditioning1 Oct 2026
- 2026FIKA-Bench: From Fine-grained Recognition to Fine-Grained Knowledge Acquisition13 May 2026
- 2026Tracing Copied Pixels and Regularizing Patch Affinity in Copy Detection19 Feb 2026
- 2026FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Technical Report12 Feb 2026
- 2025ME: Trigger Element Combination Backdoor Attack on Copyright Infringement12 Jun 2025
- 2025Does Training with Synthetic Data Truly Protect Privacy?18 Feb 2025
- 2024Watermark Anything with Localized Messages11 Nov 2024
- 2024Image Copy Detection for Diffusion Models30 Sep 2024
- 2024MMIU: Multimodal Multi-image Understanding for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models5 Aug 2024
- 2024LookupForensics: A Large-Scale Multi-Task Dataset for Multi-Phase Image-Based Fact Verification26 Jul 2024
- 2024VideoEval: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Low-Cost Evaluation of Video Foundation Model9 Jul 2024
- 2024Relational Self-supervised Distillation with Compact Descriptors for Image Copy Detection28 May 2024
32 more
- 2024AnyPattern: Towards In-context Image Copy Detection21 Apr 2024
- 2024Vector search with small radiuses16 Mar 2024
- 2024The Faiss library16 Jan 2024
- 2023Generation or Replication: Auscultating Audio Latent Diffusion Models16 Oct 2023
- 2023Real-Fake: Effective Training Data Synthesis Through Distribution Matching16 Oct 2023
- 2023Efficient Discovery and Effective Evaluation of Visual Perceptual Similarity: A Benchmark and Beyond28 Aug 2023
- 2023DeDrift: Robust Similarity Search under Content Drift5 Aug 2023
- 2023The 2023 Video Similarity Dataset and Challenge15 Jun 2023
- 2023A Dual-level Detection Method for Video Copy Detection21 May 2023
- 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasets27 Apr 2023
- 20233rd Place Solution to Meta AI Video Similarity Challenge24 Apr 2023
- 2023Feature-compatible Progressive Learning for Video Copy Detection20 Apr 2023
- 2023TextANIMAR: Text-based 3D Animal Fine-Grained Retrieval12 Apr 2023
- 2023SketchANIMAR: Sketch-based 3D Animal Fine-Grained Retrieval12 Apr 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Similarity Learning6 Apr 2023
- 2022Diffusion Art or Digital Forgery? Investigating Data Replication in Diffusion Models7 Dec 2022
- 2022General Image Descriptors for Open World Image Retrieval using ViT CLIP20 Oct 2022
- 2022Active Image Indexing5 Oct 2022
- 2022SImProv: Scalable Image Provenance Framework for Robust Content Attribution28 Jun 2022
- 2022A Benchmark and Asymmetrical-Similarity Learning for Practical Image Copy Detection24 May 2022
- 2022A Large-scale Comprehensive Dataset and Copy-overlap Aware Evaluation Protocol for Segment-level Video Copy Detection5 Mar 2022
- 2022A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detection21 Feb 2022
- 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detection13 Feb 2022
- 2022Results and findings of the 2021 Image Similarity Challenge8 Feb 2022
- 2021Nearest neighbor search with compact codes: A decoder perspective17 Dec 2021
- 2021Contrastive Learning with Large Memory Bank and Negative Embedding Subtraction for Accurate Copy Detection8 Dec 2021
- 2021Producing augmentation-invariant embeddings from real-life imagery6 Dec 2021
- 20213rd Place: A Global and Local Dual Retrieval Solution to Facebook AI Image Similarity Challenge4 Dec 2021
- 2021QK Iteration: A Self-Supervised Representation Learning Algorithm for Image Similarity15 Nov 2021
- 2021Bag of Tricks and A Strong baseline for Image Copy Detection13 Nov 2021
- 2021D2LV: A Data-Driven and Local-Verification Approach for Image Copy Detection13 Nov 2021
- 2021VPN: Video Provenance Network for Robust Content Attribution21 Sep 2021
- 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasetscited by 635
- 2022Diffusion Art or Digital Forgery? Investigating Data Replication in Diffusion Modelscited by 418
- 2026FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Technical Reportcited by 31
- 2023Generation or Replication: Auscultating Audio Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 9
- 2024Image Copy Detection for Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2025ME: Trigger Element Combination Backdoor Attack on Copyright Infringementcited by 2
- 2026Rethinking Memorization Mitigation in Diffusion Models: Reinforcing Text Conditioningcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Memorization Mitigation in Diffusion Models: Reinforcing Text Conditioning1 Oct 2026
- 2026FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Technical Report12 Feb 2026
- 2025ME: Trigger Element Combination Backdoor Attack on Copyright Infringement12 Jun 2025
- 2024Image Copy Detection for Diffusion Models30 Sep 2024
- 2023Generation or Replication: Auscultating Audio Latent Diffusion Models16 Oct 2023
- 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasets27 Apr 2023
- 2022Diffusion Art or Digital Forgery? Investigating Data Replication in Diffusion Models7 Dec 2022
- 2024The Faiss librarycited by 370
- 2022A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detectioncited by 175
- 2024Watermark Anything with Localized Messagescited by 49
- 2023Real-Fake: Effective Training Data Synthesis Through Distribution Matchingcited by 35
- 2021Contrastive Learning with Large Memory Bank and Negative Embedding Subtraction for Accurate Copy Detectioncited by 23
- 2021Bag of Tricks and A Strong baseline for Image Copy Detectioncited by 14
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Similarity Learningcited by 12
- 2024VideoEval: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Low-Cost Evaluation of Video Foundation Modelcited by 12
- 2025Does Training with Synthetic Data Truly Protect Privacy?cited by 12
- 2023DeDrift: Robust Similarity Search under Content Driftcited by 11
- 2022Results and findings of the 2021 Image Similarity Challengecited by 10
- 2022A Large-scale Comprehensive Dataset and Copy-overlap Aware Evaluation Protocol for Segment-level Video Copy Detectioncited by 10
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
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- 2026Tracing Copied Pixels and Regularizing Patch Affinity in Copy Detection19 Feb 2026
- 2025Does Training with Synthetic Data Truly Protect Privacy?18 Feb 2025
- 2024Watermark Anything with Localized Messages11 Nov 2024
- 2024LookupForensics: A Large-Scale Multi-Task Dataset for Multi-Phase Image-Based Fact Verification26 Jul 2024
- 2024VideoEval: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Low-Cost Evaluation of Video Foundation Model9 Jul 2024
- 2024Relational Self-supervised Distillation with Compact Descriptors for Image Copy Detection28 May 2024
- 2024AnyPattern: Towards In-context Image Copy Detection21 Apr 2024
- 2024Vector search with small radiuses16 Mar 2024
- 2024The Faiss library16 Jan 2024
- 2023Real-Fake: Effective Training Data Synthesis Through Distribution Matching16 Oct 2023
- 2023Efficient Discovery and Effective Evaluation of Visual Perceptual Similarity: A Benchmark and Beyond28 Aug 2023
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)