mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The 2021 Image Similarity Dataset and Challenge

arXiv 2106.09672 ↗First posted 17 Jun 2021cs.CVcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces a new benchmark for large-scale image similarity detection. This benchmark is used for the Image Similarity Challenge at NeurIPS'21 (ISC2021). The goal is to determine whether a query image is a modified copy of any image in a reference corpus of size 1~million. The benchmark features a variety of image transformations such as automated transformations, hand-crafted image edits and machine-learning based manipulations. This mimics real-life cases appearing in social media, for example for integrity-related problems dealing with misinformation and objectionable content. The strength of the image manipulations, and therefore the difficulty of the benchmark, is calibrated according to the performance of a set of baseline approaches. Both the query and reference set contain a majority of "distractor" images that do not match, which corresponds to a real-life needle-in-haystack setting, and the evaluation metric reflects that. We expect the DISC21 benchmark to promote image copy detection as an important and challenging computer vision task and refresh the state of the art. Code and data are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/isc2021

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 73 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2021.

Builds on

26 of 73 references.

References · 26

  1. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  2. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  3. 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,287
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  5. 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,114
  6. 2017Billion-scale similarity search with GPUscited by 2,477
  7. 2016Practical Black-Box Attacks against Machine Learningcited by 893
  8. 2017Fine-tuning CNN Image Retrieval with No Human Annotationcited by 497
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  10. 2020Google Landmarks Dataset v2 -- A Large-Scale Benchmark for Instance-Level Recognition and Retrievalcited by 305
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14 more
  1. 2018Revisiting Oxford and Paris: Large-Scale Image Retrieval Benchmarkingcited by 189
  2. 2020The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Datasetcited by 125
  3. 2020CIAGAN: Conditional Identity Anonymization Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 88
  4. 2019MultiGrain: a unified image embedding for classes and instancescited by 85
  5. 2019Detecting Photoshopped Faces by Scripting Photoshopcited by 55
  6. 2020Learning and aggregating deep local descriptors for instance-level recognitioncited by 54
  7. 2014Visual Instance Retrieval with Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 48
  8. 2019ViSiL: Fine-grained Spatio-Temporal Video Similarity Learningcited by 41
  9. 2019Local Features and Visual Words Emerge in Activationscited by 36
  10. 2019A Simple Explanation for the Existence of Adversarial Examples with Small Hamming Distancecited by 32
  11. 2018FIVR: Fine-grained Incident Video Retrievalcited by 26
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 9; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.

44 papers.

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  1. 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasetscited by 635
  2. 2022Diffusion Art or Digital Forgery? Investigating Data Replication in Diffusion Modelscited by 418
  3. 2024The Faiss librarycited by 370
  4. 2022A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detectioncited by 175
  5. 2024MMIU: Multimodal Multi-image Understanding for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 61
  6. 2024Watermark Anything with Localized Messagescited by 49
  7. 2023Real-Fake: Effective Training Data Synthesis Through Distribution Matchingcited by 35
  8. 2026FireRed-Image-Edit-1.0 Technical Reportcited by 31
  9. 2021Contrastive Learning with Large Memory Bank and Negative Embedding Subtraction for Accurate Copy Detectioncited by 23
  10. 2021Bag of Tricks and A Strong baseline for Image Copy Detectioncited by 14
  11. 2023Self-Supervised Video Similarity Learningcited by 12
  12. 2024VideoEval: Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Low-Cost Evaluation of Video Foundation Modelcited by 12
32 more
  1. 2025Does Training with Synthetic Data Truly Protect Privacy?cited by 12
  2. 2023DeDrift: Robust Similarity Search under Content Driftcited by 11
  3. 2022Results and findings of the 2021 Image Similarity Challengecited by 10
  4. 2022A Large-scale Comprehensive Dataset and Copy-overlap Aware Evaluation Protocol for Segment-level Video Copy Detectioncited by 10
  5. 2022A Benchmark and Asymmetrical-Similarity Learning for Practical Image Copy Detectioncited by 9
  6. 2023The 2023 Video Similarity Dataset and Challengecited by 9
  7. 2023Generation or Replication: Auscultating Audio Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 9
  8. 2022Active Image Indexingcited by 8
  9. 2021VPN: Video Provenance Network for Robust Content Attributioncited by 7
  10. 2021D2LV: A Data-Driven and Local-Verification Approach for Image Copy Detectioncited by 7
  11. 2021Producing augmentation-invariant embeddings from real-life imagerycited by 6
  12. 2021Nearest neighbor search with compact codes: A decoder perspectivecited by 5
  13. 2024AnyPattern: Towards In-context Image Copy Detectioncited by 5
  14. 20213rd Place: A Global and Local Dual Retrieval Solution to Facebook AI Image Similarity Challengecited by 4
  15. 2023TextANIMAR: Text-based 3D Animal Fine-Grained Retrievalcited by 4
  16. 2024Image Copy Detection for Diffusion Modelscited by 4
  17. 2023SketchANIMAR: Sketch-based 3D Animal Fine-Grained Retrievalcited by 3
  18. 2023A Dual-level Detection Method for Video Copy Detectioncited by 3
  19. 2023Efficient Discovery and Effective Evaluation of Visual Perceptual Similarity: A Benchmark and Beyondcited by 3
  20. 2022Robust Deepfake On Unrestricted Media: Generation And Detectioncited by 2
  21. 2022General Image Descriptors for Open World Image Retrieval using ViT CLIPcited by 2
  22. 2023Feature-compatible Progressive Learning for Video Copy Detectioncited by 2
  23. 20233rd Place Solution to Meta AI Video Similarity Challengecited by 2
  24. 2024LookupForensics: A Large-Scale Multi-Task Dataset for Multi-Phase Image-Based Fact Verificationcited by 2
  25. 2025ME: Trigger Element Combination Backdoor Attack on Copyright Infringementcited by 2
  26. 2022SImProv: Scalable Image Provenance Framework for Robust Content Attributioncited by 1
  27. 2024Relational Self-supervised Distillation with Compact Descriptors for Image Copy Detectioncited by 1
  28. 2021QK Iteration: A Self-Supervised Representation Learning Algorithm for Image Similaritycited by 0
  29. 2024Vector search with small radiusescited by 0
  30. 2026Tracing Copied Pixels and Regularizing Patch Affinity in Copy Detectioncited by 0
  31. 2026FIKA-Bench: From Fine-grained Recognition to Fine-Grained Knowledge Acquisitioncited by 0
  32. 2026Rethinking Memorization Mitigation in Diffusion Models: Reinforcing Text Conditioningcited by 0