Multiplayer Interactive World Models with Representation Autoencoders
On the map: World models → Video-generation world models and simulators
Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce the first multiplayer world model for highly dynamic environments governed by complex physical interactions. Whereas single-player world models treat the other agents as part of the environment, ours conditions on the action streams of multiple agents, learning to attribute changes in the scene to the correct player and to stay coherent under arbitrary combinations of their actions. We study this problem in the game of Rocket League, where players compete and cooperate under fast, tightly coupled dynamics. Trained on 10,000 hours of gameplay collected with publicly available bots, our 5-billion-parameter latent diffusion model generates four-player matches in real time, producing 20 frames per second on a single Nvidia B200 GPU. Although trained only on short clips, its rollouts stay stable far beyond the training horizon: distributional quality holds steady out to five minutes, the longest horizon we measure, and in practice we observe rollouts continuing for hours with no sign of collapse. We systematically investigate the central design choices: the video codec, the generative objective, and the multiplayer conditioning scheme. In addition, we characterize how behavior changes with model and data scale, including the capabilities that emerge and the failure modes that persist. We further develop targeted evaluations that probe the model's physical understanding rather than visual appearance alone. To support continued research on multiplayer world models, we release our dataset, our full training and inference codebase, and a live demo.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video-generation world models and simulators, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 51 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Jul 2026.
Builds on
51 of 54 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 50
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2023Grounding DINO: Marrying DINO with Grounded Pre-Training for Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 3,274
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2024SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videoscited by 2,784
- 2021Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentationcited by 2,338
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
- 20194D Spatio-Temporal ConvNets: Minkowski Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 1,201
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
- 2020ORB-SLAM3: An Accurate Open-Source Library for Visual, Visual-Inertial and Multi-Map SLAMcited by 862
38 more
- 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 747
- 2022Language-driven Semantic Segmentationcited by 711
- 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 556
- 2023Segment Everything Everywhere All at Oncecited by 546
- 2021Scaling Open-Vocabulary Image Segmentation with Image-Level Labelscited by 471
- 2023ConceptGraphs: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs for Perception and Planningcited by 357
- 2022OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentationcited by 327
- 2023OpenMask3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 288
- 2022Language-Grounded Indoor 3D Semantic Segmentation in the Wildcited by 243
- 2023CAT-Seg: Cost Aggregation for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentationcited by 215
- 2020Learning 3D Semantic Scene Graphs from 3D Indoor Reconstructionscited by 205
- 2022PLA: Language-Driven Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 176
- 2018Tangent Convolutions for Dense Prediction in 3Dcited by 173
- 2021SceneGraphFusion: Incremental 3D Scene Graph Prediction from RGB-D Sequencescited by 159
- 2023Osprey: Pixel Understanding with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 158
- 2021Mix3D: Out-of-Context Data Augmentation for 3D Scenescited by 126
- 2021MSeg: A Composite Dataset for Multi-domain Semantic Segmentationcited by 122
- 2017ScanComplete: Large-Scale Scene Completion and Semantic Segmentation for 3D Scanscited by 103
- 2023RegionPLC: Regional Point-Language Contrastive Learning for Open-World 3D Scene Understandingcited by 93
- 2025Describe Anything: Detailed Localized Image and Video Captioningcited by 84
- 2024Open3DSG: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs from Point Clouds with Queryable Objects and Open-Set Relationshipscited by 76
- 2024OpenNeRF: Open Set 3D Neural Scene Segmentation with Pixel-Wise Features and Rendered Novel Viewscited by 68
- 2023SILC: Improving Vision Language Pretraining with Self-Distillationcited by 66
- 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
- 2024MaskClustering: View Consensus based Mask Graph Clustering for Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 56
- 2018TextureNet: Consistent Local Parametrizations for Learning from High-Resolution Signals on Meshescited by 45
- 2020DualConvMesh-Net: Joint Geodesic and Euclidean Convolutions on 3D Meshescited by 42
- 2023VL-SAT: Visual-Linguistic Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Semantic Scene Graph Prediction in Point Cloudcited by 42
- 2023Context-Aware Entity Grounding with Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphscited by 33
- 2023CP-SLAM: Collaborative Neural Point-based SLAM Systemcited by 32
- 2025Mosaic3D: Foundation Dataset and Model for Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentationcited by 20
- 2023Lang3DSG: Language-based contrastive pre-training for 3D Scene Graph predictioncited by 18
- 2024RelationField: Relate Anything in Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2024Dense Multimodal Alignment for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 15
- 2025Cross-Modal and Uncertainty-Aware Agglomeration for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 13
- 2025Masked Point-Entity Contrast for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 10
- 2025Relation3D: Enhancing Relation Modeling for Point Cloud Instance Segmentationcited by 10
- 2025AtlasGS: Atlanta-world Guided Surface Reconstruction with Implicit Structured Gaussianscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 14.
14 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2026MASS: Multiplayer World Models with Authoritative Shared Statecited by 7
- 2026Magpie: Real-Time World Renderer for Interactive Gamescited by 3
- 2026Population-Scalable Multi-Agent World Modelingcited by 2
- 2026Mask Forcing: Improving Autoregressive Video Diffusion Distillation via Dual-Noise Masking Rolloutcited by 2
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Eracited by 2
- 2026IMPACT: Attention Is the Interaction Map for Scalable Interaction-Aware World Model Trainingcited by 1
- 2026Code Plans, Diffusion Renders: Open-Ended Generative World Modelingcited by 0
- 2026CoDrive: Cross-Vehicle World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Trajectory Control for Cooperative Drivingcited by 0
- 2026The Domain Is a Residue: Adapting Self-Supervised Features, Not Generatorscited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Representations for World-Action Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Diffusable Latents from Structure-Agnostic Distillationcited by 0
- 2026MultiWorldBench: Do Independently Controlled Views Describe One Shared World?cited by 0
2 more
- 2026WorldCast: Distributed Multiplayer World Models8 Oct 2026
- 2026Multi-Agent Egocentric World Model with Fine-Grained Embodied Interaction8 Oct 2026
- 2026MultiWorldBench: Do Independently Controlled Views Describe One Shared World?8 Oct 2026
- 2026Diffusable Latents from Structure-Agnostic Distillation30 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Representations for World-Action Modeling29 Sep 2026
- 2026The Domain Is a Residue: Adapting Self-Supervised Features, Not Generators29 Sep 2026
- 2026CoDrive: Cross-Vehicle World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Trajectory Control for Cooperative Driving28 Sep 2026
- 2026Code Plans, Diffusion Renders: Open-Ended Generative World Modeling22 Sep 2026
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Era15 Sep 2026
- 2026Mask Forcing: Improving Autoregressive Video Diffusion Distillation via Dual-Noise Masking Rollout8 Sep 2026
- 2026IMPACT: Attention Is the Interaction Map for Scalable Interaction-Aware World Model Training31 Aug 2026
- 2026Magpie: Real-Time World Renderer for Interactive Games27 Aug 2026
2 more
- 2026Population-Scalable Multi-Agent World Modeling9 Aug 2026
- 2026MASS: Multiplayer World Models with Authoritative Shared State6 Aug 2026
- 2026MASS: Multiplayer World Models with Authoritative Shared Statecited by 7
- 2026Population-Scalable Multi-Agent World Modelingcited by 2
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Eracited by 2
- 2026IMPACT: Attention Is the Interaction Map for Scalable Interaction-Aware World Model Trainingcited by 1
- 2026Code Plans, Diffusion Renders: Open-Ended Generative World Modelingcited by 0
- 2026CoDrive: Cross-Vehicle World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Trajectory Control for Cooperative Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Representations for World-Action Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Representations for World-Action Modeling29 Sep 2026
- 2026CoDrive: Cross-Vehicle World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Trajectory Control for Cooperative Driving28 Sep 2026
- 2026Code Plans, Diffusion Renders: Open-Ended Generative World Modeling22 Sep 2026
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Era15 Sep 2026
- 2026IMPACT: Attention Is the Interaction Map for Scalable Interaction-Aware World Model Training31 Aug 2026
- 2026Population-Scalable Multi-Agent World Modeling9 Aug 2026
- 2026MASS: Multiplayer World Models with Authoritative Shared State6 Aug 2026
- 2026Magpie: Real-Time World Renderer for Interactive Gamescited by 3
- 2026The Domain Is a Residue: Adapting Self-Supervised Features, Not Generatorscited by 0
- 2026MultiWorldBench: Do Independently Controlled Views Describe One Shared World?cited by 0
- 2026Multi-Agent Egocentric World Model with Fine-Grained Embodied Interactioncited by 0
- 2026WorldCast: Distributed Multiplayer World Modelscited by 0
- 2026WorldCast: Distributed Multiplayer World Models8 Oct 2026
- 2026Multi-Agent Egocentric World Model with Fine-Grained Embodied Interaction8 Oct 2026
- 2026MultiWorldBench: Do Independently Controlled Views Describe One Shared World?8 Oct 2026
- 2026The Domain Is a Residue: Adapting Self-Supervised Features, Not Generators29 Sep 2026
- 2026Magpie: Real-Time World Renderer for Interactive Games27 Aug 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026MultiGen: Level-Design for Editable Multiplayer Worlds in Diffusion Game Engines
- 2025Matrix-game 2.0: An open-source real-time and streaming interactive world model
- 2026PlayWorld: Benchmarking World Models with Agent Players over Long-Horizon Objectives
- 2026From Pixels to States: Rethinking Interactive World Models as Game Engines
- 2026Matrix-Game 3.0: Real-Time and Streaming Interactive World Model with Long-Horizon Memory
- 2024Diffusion Models Are Real-Time Game Engines
- 2026Solaris: Building a Multiplayer Video World Model in Minecraft
- 2026ActionParty: Multi-Subject Action Binding in Generative Video Games