mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SoccerNet Game State Reconstruction: End-to-End Athlete Tracking and Identification on a Minimap

arXiv 2404.11335 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2024cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

Tracking and identifying athletes on the pitch holds a central role in collecting essential insights from the game, such as estimating the total distance covered by players or understanding team tactics. This tracking and identification process is crucial for reconstructing the game state, defined by the athletes' positions and identities on a 2D top-view of the pitch, (i.e. a minimap). However, reconstructing the game state from videos captured by a single camera is challenging. It requires understanding the position of the athletes and the viewpoint of the camera to localize and identify players within the field. In this work, we formalize the task of Game State Reconstruction and introduce SoccerNet-GSR, a novel Game State Reconstruction dataset focusing on football videos. SoccerNet-GSR is composed of 200 video sequences of 30 seconds, annotated with 9.37 million line points for pitch localization and camera calibration, as well as over 2.36 million athlete positions on the pitch with their respective role, team, and jersey number. Furthermore, we introduce GS-HOTA, a novel metric to evaluate game state reconstruction methods. Finally, we propose and release an end-to-end baseline for game state reconstruction, bootstrapping the research on this task. Our experiments show that GSR is a challenging novel task, which opens the field for future research. Our dataset and codebase are publicly available at https://github.com/SoccerNet/sn-gamestate.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 102 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2024.

Builds on

51 of 102 references.

References · 51

  1. 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
  2. 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
  3. 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
  4. 2020HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Trackingcited by 546
  5. 2020FairMOT: On the Fairness of Detection and Re-Identification in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 489
  6. 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
  7. 2019Google Research Football: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Environmentcited by 257
  8. 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
  9. 2019Real-time Scene Text Detection with Differentiable Binarizationcited by 212
  10. 2018Show, Attend and Read: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Irregular Text Recognitioncited by 130
  11. 2020SoccerNet-v2: A Dataset and Benchmarks for Holistic Understanding of Broadcast Soccer Videoscited by 129
  12. 2018Deep Affinity Network for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 82
38 more
  1. 2022Body Part-Based Representation Learning for Occluded Person Re-Identificationcited by 63
  2. 2023SoccerNet-Caption: Dense Video Captioning for Soccer Broadcasts Commentariescited by 57
  3. 2019A Context-Aware Loss Function for Action Spotting in Soccer Videoscited by 56
  4. 2021Camera Calibration and Player Localization in SoccerNet-v2 and Investigation of their Representations for Action Spottingcited by 43
  5. 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
  6. 2022Spotting Temporally Precise, Fine-Grained Events in Videocited by 40
  7. 2023VARS: Video Assistant Referee System for Automated Soccer Decision Making from Multiple Viewscited by 38
  8. 2022DeepSportradar-v1: Computer Vision Dataset for Sports Understanding with High Quality Annotationscited by 35
  9. 2021Temporally-Aware Feature Pooling for Action Spotting in Soccer Broadcastscited by 30
  10. 2023Iterative Scale-Up ExpansionIoU and Deep Features Association for Multi-Object Tracking in Sportscited by 29
  11. 2022SoccerNet 2022 Challenges Resultscited by 28
  12. 2021Feature Combination Meets Attention: Baidu Soccer Embeddings and Transformer based Temporal Detectioncited by 27
  13. 2022Temporally Precise Action Spotting in Soccer Videos Using Dense Detection Anchorscited by 27
  14. 2022Semi-Supervised Training to Improve Player and Ball Detection in Soccercited by 25
  15. 2022TVCalib: Camera Calibration for Sports Field Registration in Soccercited by 22
  16. 2024X-VARS: Introducing Explainability in Football Refereeing with Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 22
  17. 2022A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision in Sports: Open Issues, Future Trends and Research Directionscited by 21
  18. 2020Using Player's Body-Orientation to Model Pass Feasibility in Soccercited by 20
  19. 2021Multi-task learning for jersey number recognition in Ice Hockeycited by 15
  20. 20221st Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023: Challenge Resultscited by 14
  21. 2023Towards Active Learning for Action Spotting in Association Football Videoscited by 14
  22. 2024A Universal Protocol to Benchmark Camera Calibration for Sportscited by 14
  23. 2020Multimodal and multiview distillation for real-time player detection on a football fieldcited by 12
  24. 2021DeepSportLab: a Unified Framework for Ball Detection, Player Instance Segmentation and Pose Estimation in Team Sports Scenescited by 11
  25. 2022Sporthesia: Augmenting Sports Videos Using Natural Languagecited by 11
  26. 2023Jersey Number Recognition using Keyframe Identification from Low-Resolution Broadcast Videoscited by 10
  27. 2020Optimising Game Tactics for Footballcited by 8
  28. 2021Relation Preserving Triplet Mining for Stabilising the Triplet Loss in Re-identification Systemscited by 8
  29. 2023All Keypoints You Need: Detecting Arbitrary Keypoints on the Body of Triple, High, and Long Jump Athletescited by 8
  30. 2018A Two-point Method for PTZ Camera Calibration in Sportscited by 6
  31. 2022MMSys'22 Grand Challenge on AI-based Video Production for Soccercited by 6
  32. 2024Improving Object Detection Quality in Football Through Super-Resolution Techniquescited by 6
  33. 2021Extraction of Positional Player Data from Broadcast Soccer Videoscited by 5
  34. 2022Feature Disentanglement Learning with Switching and Aggregation for Video-based Person Re-Identificationcited by 5
  35. 2023A Boosted Model Ensembling Approach to Ball Action Spotting in Videos: The Runner-Up Solution to CVPR'23 SoccerNet Challengecited by 4
  36. 2022Automated player identification and indexing using two-stage deep learning networkcited by 3
  37. 2023SoccerNet 2023 Tracking Challenge -- 3rd place MOT4MOT Team Technical Reportcited by 3
  38. 2022The Second-place Solution for CVPR 2022 SoccerNet Tracking Challengecited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 13; 2026: 12.

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  1. 2024Towards Universal Soccer Video Understandingcited by 21
  2. 2025Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive Soccer Understandingcited by 18
  3. 2024Keypoint Promptable Re-Identificationcited by 15
  4. 2024SoccerNet-Echoes: A Soccer Game Audio Commentary Datasetcited by 12
  5. 2025SoccerMaster: A Vision Foundation Model for Soccer Understandingcited by 10
  6. 2024Towards AI-Powered Video Assistant Referee System (VARS) for Association Footballcited by 8
  7. 2024SoccerNet 2024 Challenges Resultscited by 8
  8. 2024Deep learning for action spotting in association football videoscited by 7
  9. 2024BroadTrack: Broadcast Camera Tracking for Soccercited by 5
  10. 2025TrackID3x3: A Dataset and Algorithm for Multi-Player Tracking with Identification and Pose Estimation in 3x3 Basketball Full-court Videoscited by 4
  11. 2025CAMELTrack: Context-Aware Multi-cue ExpLoitation for Online Multi-Object Trackingcited by 4
  12. 2025SoccerNet 2025 Challenges Resultscited by 4
22 more
  1. 2024OSL-ActionSpotting: A Unified Library for Action Spotting in Sports Videoscited by 2
  2. 2025SoccerSynth-Detection: A Synthetic Dataset for Soccer Player Detectioncited by 2
  3. 2025Can Geometry Save Central Views for Sports Field Registration?cited by 2
  4. 2025Pixels or Positions? Benchmarking Modalities in Group Activity Recognitioncited by 2
  5. 2026GenTac: Generative Modeling and Forecasting of Soccer Tacticscited by 2
  6. 2025Action Valuation in Sports: A Surveycited by 1
  7. 2025From Broadcast to Minimap: Achieving State-of-the-Art SoccerNet Game State Reconstructioncited by 1
  8. 2025Multi-Modal Soccer Scene Analysis with Masked Pre-Trainingcited by 1
  9. 2026Towards Athlete Fatigue Assessment from Association Football Videoscited by 1
  10. 2026SoccerNet 2026 Challenges Resultscited by 1
  11. 2026Training-Free Off-Screen Player Imputation for Broadcast-Based Spatial Football Analyticscited by 1
  12. 2026Space-Creating versus Dead Possession: An Off-Ball Possession-Quality Index for Broadcast Footballcited by 1
  13. 2024Improving Weakly-supervised Video Instance Segmentation by Leveraging Spatio-temporal Consistencycited by 0
  14. 2025SoccerTrack v2: A Full-Pitch Panoramic Video Dataset for Game State Reconstruction and Ball Action Spottingcited by 0
  15. 2025Expandable Decision-Making States for Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning in Soccer Tactical Analysiscited by 0
  16. 2026TacSIm: A Dataset and Benchmark for Football Tactical Style Imitationcited by 0
  17. 2026SoccerRef-Agents: Multi-Agent System for Automated Soccer Refereeingcited by 0
  18. 2026BasketEvent: Understanding Who Did What and When in Basketball Videoscited by 0
  19. 2026A Top-Down Framework for Metric-Scale Athlete Localization from Single Broadcast Framescited by 0
  20. 2026How Much Velocity Does Off-Ball Space Value Need? A Broadcast-Viewport Benchmarkcited by 0
  21. 2026Prompt, Probe, Train, or Annotate? Single-camera sports video understanding in amateur settingscited by 0
  22. 2026Native Association: Confidence-Aware Human Perception in the Wild with a Foundation VLMcited by 0