Deep Affinity Network for Multiple Object Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) plays an important role in solving many fundamental problems in video analysis in computer vision. Most MOT methods employ two steps: Object Detection and Data Association. The first step detects objects of interest in every frame of a video, and the second establishes correspondence between the detected objects in different frames to obtain their tracks. Object detection has made tremendous progress in the last few years due to deep learning. However, data association for tracking still relies on hand crafted constraints such as appearance, motion, spatial proximity, grouping etc. to compute affinities between the objects in different frames. In this paper, we harness the power of deep learning for data association in tracking by jointly modelling object appearances and their affinities between different frames in an end-to-end fashion. The proposed Deep Affinity Network (DAN) learns compact; yet comprehensive features of pre-detected objects at several levels of abstraction, and performs exhaustive pairing permutations of those features in any two frames to infer object affinities. DAN also accounts for multiple objects appearing and disappearing between video frames. We exploit the resulting efficient affinity computations to associate objects in the current frame deep into the previous frames for reliable on-line tracking. Our technique is evaluated on popular multiple object tracking challenges MOT15, MOT17 and UA-DETRAC. Comprehensive benchmarking under twelve evaluation metrics demonstrates that our approach is among the best performing techniques on the leader board for these challenges. The open source implementation of our work is available at https://github.com/shijieS/SST.git.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Oct 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 28; 2023: 14; 2024: 11; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
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- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 379
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
- 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2021SiamMOT: Siamese Multi-Object Trackingcited by 62
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 2023SparseTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Performing Scene Decomposition based on Pseudo-Depthcited by 48
- 2021Learnable Graph Matching: Incorporating Graph Partitioning with Deep Feature Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 47
38 more
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Trackercited by 44
- 2024SoccerNet Game State Reconstruction: End-to-End Athlete Tracking and Identification on a Minimapcited by 34
- 2022Towards Discriminative Representation: Multi-view Trajectory Contrastive Learning for Online Multi-object Trackingcited by 33
- 2021DyGLIP: A Dynamic Graph Model with Link Prediction for Accurate Multi-Camera Multiple Object Trackingcited by 31
- 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2023Focus On Details: Online Multi-object Tracking with Diverse Fine-grained Representationcited by 25
- 2021Semi-TCL: Semi-Supervised Track Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 23
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 21
- 2022ShaSTA: Modeling Shape and Spatio-Temporal Affinities for 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 21
- 2022Region Aware Video Object Segmentation with Deep Motion Modelingcited by 18
- 2024EchoTrack: Auditory Referring Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 18
- 2022A Survey of Neural Trojan Attacks and Defenses in Deep Learningcited by 17
- 2024CLIP-VIS: Adapting CLIP for Open-Vocabulary Video Instance Segmentationcited by 13
- 2022A Region-Based Deep Learning Approach to Automated Retail Checkoutcited by 9
- 2023CML-MOTS: Collaborative Multi-task Learning for Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 9
- 2024PNAS-MOT: Multi-Modal Object Tracking with Pareto Neural Architecture Searchcited by 9
- 2021Local Metrics for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2021Multiple Object Tracking with Mixture Density Networks for Trajectory Estimationcited by 8
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2023Tracking without Label: Unsupervised Multiple Object Tracking via Contrastive Similarity Learningcited by 8
- 2024Learning Data Association for Multi-Object Tracking using Only Coordinatescited by 8
- 2022GLAN: A Graph-based Linear Assignment Networkcited by 6
- 2022PatchTrack: Multiple Object Tracking Using Frame Patchescited by 5
- 2022Can Deep Learning be Applied to Model-Based Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 5
- 2022Tracking by Associating Clipscited by 5
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
- 2021Joint Learning Architecture for Multiple Object Tracking and Trajectory Forecastingcited by 4
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmarkcited by 4
- 2023Multi-Object Tracking as Attention Mechanismcited by 3
- 2023Transformer-Based Multi-Object Smoothing with Decoupled Data Association and Smoothingcited by 3
- 2025Bayesian Multiobject Tracking With Neural-Enhanced Motion and Measurement Modelscited by 3
- 2021Multi-object Tracking with Tracked Object Bounding Box Associationcited by 2
- 2021PC-DAN: Point Cloud based Deep Affinity Network for 3D Multi-Object Tracking (Accepted as an extended abstract in JRDB-ACT Workshop at CVPR21)cited by 2
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Associationcited by 2
- 2023Automated Behavioral Analysis Using Instance Segmentationcited by 2
- 2024Is a Pure Transformer Effective for Separated and Online Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 2
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Trackingcited by 2
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Appearance: A Multi-cue Framework and Large-scale Benchmark for Pedestrian Association and Tracking on Mobile Aerial-Ground Platforms26 Jul 2026
- 2026Taming Perception Jitter: Uncertainty-Aware LiDAR Object Detection for Reliable Motion Classification8 Jun 2026
- 2025EPIPTrack: Rethinking Prompt Modeling with Explicit and Implicit Prompts for Multi-Object Tracking15 Oct 2025
- 2025Bayesian Multiobject Tracking With Neural-Enhanced Motion and Measurement Models22 Jun 2025
- 2025A Robust Deep Networks based Multi-Object MultiCamera Tracking System for City Scale Traffic1 May 2025
- 2025S3MOT: Monocular 3D Object Tracking with Selective State Space Model25 Apr 2025
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking3 Apr 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Partial Cycle-Consistency for Multi-View Matching10 Jan 2025
- 2024Hybrid Transformer for Early Alzheimer's Detection: Integration of Handwriting-Based 2D Images and 1D Signal Features14 Oct 2024
- 2024FACT: Feature Adaptive Continual-learning Tracker for Multiple Object Tracking12 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensors10 Jul 2024
- 2024An Approximate Dynamic Programming Framework for Occlusion-Robust Multi-Object Tracking24 May 2024
38 more
- 2024Is a Pure Transformer Effective for Separated and Online Multi-Object Tracking?23 May 2024
- 2024SoccerNet Game State Reconstruction: End-to-End Athlete Tracking and Identification on a Minimap17 Apr 2024
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmark29 Mar 2024
- 2024PNAS-MOT: Multi-Modal Object Tracking with Pareto Neural Architecture Search23 Mar 2024
- 2024CLIP-VIS: Adapting CLIP for Open-Vocabulary Video Instance Segmentation19 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Data Association for Multi-Object Tracking using Only Coordinates12 Mar 2024
- 2024EchoTrack: Auditory Referring Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Driving28 Feb 2024
- 2023Transformer-Based Multi-Object Smoothing with Decoupled Data Association and Smoothing22 Dec 2023
- 2023Automated Behavioral Analysis Using Instance Segmentation12 Dec 2023
- 2023CML-MOTS: Collaborative Multi-task Learning for Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation2 Nov 2023
- 2023Deep MDP: A Modular Framework for Multi-Object Tracking22 Oct 2023
- 2023UnsMOT: Unified Framework for Unsupervised Multi-Object Tracking with Geometric Topology Guidance3 Sep 2023
- 2023Tracking without Label: Unsupervised Multiple Object Tracking via Contrastive Similarity Learning2 Sep 2023
- 2023Multi-Object Tracking as Attention Mechanism12 Jul 2023
- 2023EXOT: Exit-aware Object Tracker for Safe Robotic Manipulation of Moving Object8 Jun 2023
- 2023SparseTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Performing Scene Decomposition based on Pseudo-Depth8 Jun 2023
- 2023SCTracker: Multi-object tracking with shape and confidence constraints16 May 2023
- 2023TopTrack: Tracking Objects By Their Top12 Apr 2023
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Association27 Mar 2023
- 2023Real-time Multi-Object Tracking Based on Bi-directional Matching15 Mar 2023
- 2023Focus On Details: Online Multi-object Tracking with Diverse Fine-grained Representation28 Feb 2023
- 2022Tracking Passengers and Baggage Items using Multiple Overhead Cameras at Security Checkpoints31 Dec 2022
- 2022Tracking by Associating Clips20 Dec 2022
- 2022Detection-aware multi-object tracking evaluation16 Dec 2022
- 2022Joint Counting, Detection and Re-Identification for Multi-Object Tracking12 Dec 2022
- 2022ShaSTA: Modeling Shape and Spatio-Temporal Affinities for 3D Multi-Object Tracking8 Nov 2022
- 2022RLM-Tracking: Online Multi-Pedestrian Tracking Supported by Relative Location Mapping19 Oct 2022
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusion6 Sep 2022
- 2022Transformer-based assignment decision network for multiple object tracking6 Aug 2022
- 2022Region Aware Video Object Segmentation with Deep Motion Modeling21 Jul 2022
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Tracking10 Jul 2022
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Tracker9 Jun 2022
- 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Driving30 May 2022
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Survey22 May 2022
- 2022TDT: Teaching Detectors to Track without Fully Annotated Videos11 May 2022
- 2022Improving tracking with a tracklet associator22 Apr 2022
- 2022A Region-Based Deep Learning Approach to Automated Retail Checkout18 Apr 2022
- 2022Scalable and Real-time Multi-Camera Vehicle Detection, Re-Identification, and Tracking15 Apr 2022
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 379
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
- 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2021SiamMOT: Siamese Multi-Object Trackingcited by 62
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 2023SparseTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Performing Scene Decomposition based on Pseudo-Depthcited by 48
- 2021Learnable Graph Matching: Incorporating Graph Partitioning with Deep Feature Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 47
12 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Appearance: A Multi-cue Framework and Large-scale Benchmark for Pedestrian Association and Tracking on Mobile Aerial-Ground Platforms26 Jul 2026
- 2026Taming Perception Jitter: Uncertainty-Aware LiDAR Object Detection for Reliable Motion Classification8 Jun 2026
- 2025EPIPTrack: Rethinking Prompt Modeling with Explicit and Implicit Prompts for Multi-Object Tracking15 Oct 2025
- 2025Bayesian Multiobject Tracking With Neural-Enhanced Motion and Measurement Models22 Jun 2025
- 2025A Robust Deep Networks based Multi-Object MultiCamera Tracking System for City Scale Traffic1 May 2025
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking3 Apr 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Partial Cycle-Consistency for Multi-View Matching10 Jan 2025
- 2024Hybrid Transformer for Early Alzheimer's Detection: Integration of Handwriting-Based 2D Images and 1D Signal Features14 Oct 2024
- 2024FACT: Feature Adaptive Continual-learning Tracker for Multiple Object Tracking12 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensors10 Jul 2024
- 2024An Approximate Dynamic Programming Framework for Occlusion-Robust Multi-Object Tracking24 May 2024
- 2024Is a Pure Transformer Effective for Separated and Online Multi-Object Tracking?23 May 2024
12 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)