mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CrowdCLIP: Unsupervised Crowd Counting via Vision-Language Model

arXiv 2304.04231 ↗First posted 9 Apr 2023cs.CVcited by 47

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Supervised crowd counting relies heavily on costly manual labeling, which is difficult and expensive, especially in dense scenes. To alleviate the problem, we propose a novel unsupervised framework for crowd counting, named CrowdCLIP. The core idea is built on two observations: 1) the recent contrastive pre-trained vision-language model (CLIP) has presented impressive performance on various downstream tasks; 2) there is a natural mapping between crowd patches and count text. To the best of our knowledge, CrowdCLIP is the first to investigate the vision language knowledge to solve the counting problem. Specifically, in the training stage, we exploit the multi-modal ranking loss by constructing ranking text prompts to match the size-sorted crowd patches to guide the image encoder learning. In the testing stage, to deal with the diversity of image patches, we propose a simple yet effective progressive filtering strategy to first select the highly potential crowd patches and then map them into the language space with various counting intervals. Extensive experiments on five challenging datasets demonstrate that the proposed CrowdCLIP achieves superior performance compared to previous unsupervised state-of-the-art counting methods. Notably, CrowdCLIP even surpasses some popular fully-supervised methods under the cross-dataset setting. The source code will be available at https://github.com/dk-liang/CrowdCLIP.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 51 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2023.

Builds on

51 of 66 references.

References · 51

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2015Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Context Predictioncited by 1,062
  3. 2019On the Variance of the Adaptive Learning Rate and Beyondcited by 763
  4. 2021Extract Free Dense Labels from CLIPcited by 580
  5. 2021PointCLIP: Point Cloud Understanding by CLIPcited by 461
  6. 2021AudioCLIP: Extending CLIP to Image, Text and Audiocited by 335
  7. 2018CSRNet: Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks for Understanding the Highly Congested Scenescited by 267
  8. 2021A Simple Baseline for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation with Pre-trained Vision-language Modelcited by 223
  9. 2018Composition Loss for Counting, Density Map Estimation and Localization in Dense Crowdscited by 186
  10. 2019Bayesian Loss for Crowd Count Estimation with Point Supervisioncited by 162
  11. 2021Rethinking Counting and Localization in Crowds:A Purely Point-Based Frameworkcited by 152
  12. 2020NWPU-Crowd: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Crowd Counting and Localizationcited by 151
38 more
  1. 2020JHU-CROWD++: Large-Scale Crowd Counting Dataset and A Benchmark Methodcited by 109
  2. 2017Switching Convolutional Neural Network for Crowd Countingcited by 93
  3. 2021CLIP2StyleGAN: Unsupervised Extraction of StyleGAN Edit Directionscited by 78
  4. 2022An End-to-End Transformer Model for Crowd Localizationcited by 74
  5. 2019Locate, Size and Count: Accurately Resolving People in Dense Crowds via Detectioncited by 73
  6. 2022Boosting Crowd Counting via Multifaceted Attentioncited by 73
  7. 2020Localization in the Crowd with Topological Constraintscited by 68
  8. 2019Point in, Box out: Beyond Counting Persons in Crowdscited by 62
  9. 2021TransCrowd: weakly-supervised crowd counting with transformerscited by 61
  10. 2018Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Crowd Counting by Learning to Rankcited by 57
  11. 2022AvatarCLIP: Zero-Shot Text-Driven Generation and Animation of 3D Avatarscited by 55
  12. 2019Exploiting Unlabeled Data in CNNs by Self-supervised Learning to Rankcited by 52
  13. 2019From Open Set to Closed Set: Counting Objects by Spatial Divide-and-Conquercited by 48
  14. 2022OrdinalCLIP: Learning Rank Prompts for Language-Guided Ordinal Regressioncited by 44
  15. 2022ProposalCLIP: Unsupervised Open-Category Object Proposal Generation via Exploiting CLIP Cuescited by 42
  16. 2017CNN-based Cascaded Multi-task Learning of High-level Prior and Density Estimation for Crowd Countingcited by 41
  17. 2021Spatial Uncertainty-Aware Semi-Supervised Crowd Countingcited by 38
  18. 2020A Self-Training Approach for Point-Supervised Object Detection and Counting in Crowdscited by 36
  19. 2021Focal Inverse Distance Transform Maps for Crowd Localizationcited by 36
  20. 2019AutoScale: Learning to Scale for Crowd Counting and Localizationcited by 35
  21. 2020Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting via Self-Training on Surrogate Taskscited by 35
  22. 2019Counting with Focus for Freecited by 33
  23. 2020Towards Using Count-level Weak Supervision for Crowd Countingcited by 33
  24. 2019Learn to Scale: Generating Multipolar Normalized Density Maps for Crowd Countingcited by 32
  25. 2021Detection, Tracking, and Counting Meets Drones in Crowds: A Benchmarkcited by 30
  26. 2017A Survey of Recent Advances in CNN-based Single Image Crowd Counting and Density Estimationcited by 29
  27. 2020Shallow Feature Based Dense Attention Network for Crowd Countingcited by 28
  28. 2020Completely Self-Supervised Crowd Counting via Distribution Matchingcited by 22
  29. 2021Segmentation in Style: Unsupervised Semantic Image Segmentation with Stylegan and CLIPcited by 21
  30. 2021Uniformity in Heterogeneity:Diving Deep into Count Interval Partition for Crowd Countingcited by 20
  31. 2022Discrete-Constrained Regression for Local Counting Modelscited by 19
  32. 2022Semi-supervised Crowd Counting via Density Agencycited by 18
  33. 2020ZoomCount: A Zooming Mechanism for Crowd Counting in Static Imagescited by 17
  34. 2017Beyond Counting: Comparisons of Density Maps for Crowd Analysis Tasks - Counting, Detection, and Trackingcited by 15
  35. 2021Variational Attention: Propagating Domain-Specific Knowledge for Multi-Domain Learning in Crowd Countingcited by 15
  36. 2020Dilated-Scale-Aware Attention ConvNet For Multi-Class Object Countingcited by 10
  37. 2021Coarse to Fine: Domain Adaptive Crowd Counting via Adversarial Scoring Networkcited by 10
  38. 2019Attend To Count: Crowd Counting with Adaptive Capacity Multi-scale CNNscited by 3

50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 8; 2024: 16; 2025: 16; 2026: 7.

47 papers.

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  1. 2023CLIP-Count: Towards Text-Guided Zero-Shot Object Countingcited by 82
  2. 2023SAM3D: Zero-Shot 3D Object Detection via Segment Anything Modelcited by 40
  3. 2024KiVA: Kid-inspired Visual Analogies for Testing Large Multimodal Modelscited by 22
  4. 2024Teach CLIP to Develop a Number Sense for Ordinal Regressioncited by 20
  5. 2024OmniCount: Multi-label Object Counting with Semantic-Geometric Priorscited by 16
  6. 2024A Unified Framework for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 15
  7. 2025CrowdVLM-R1: Expanding R1 Ability to Vision Language Model for Crowd Counting using Fuzzy Group Relative Policy Rewardcited by 15
  8. 2024AFreeCA: Annotation-Free Counting for Allcited by 12
  9. 2024CLIP-EBC: CLIP Can Count Accurately through Enhanced Blockwise Classificationcited by 12
  10. 2023LMC: Large Model Collaboration with Cross-assessment for Training-Free Open-Set Object Recognitioncited by 10
  11. 2025Single Domain Generalization for Few-Shot Counting via Universal Representation Matchingcited by 6
  12. 2025Hybrid-grained Feature Aggregation with Coarse-to-fine Language Guidance for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 6
35 more
  1. 2023Learning to Count without Annotationscited by 5
  2. 2023SQLNet: Scale-Modulated Query and Localization Network for Few-Shot Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 5
  3. 2024Learning Spatial Similarity Distribution for Few-shot Object Countingcited by 5
  4. 2024Robust Zero-Shot Crowd Counting and Localization With Adaptive Resolution SAMcited by 4
  5. 2025On the rankability of visual embeddingscited by 4
  6. 2024CoLA: Conditional Dropout and Language-driven Robust Dual-modal Salient Object Detectioncited by 3
  7. 2025Early Estimation of Language to Latent Alignment in Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  8. 2023Shifted Autoencoders for Point Annotation Restoration in Object Countingcited by 2
  9. 2024Dynamic Proxy Domain Generalizes the Crowd Localization by Better Binary Segmentationcited by 2
  10. 2024TFCounter:Polishing Gems for Training-Free Object Countingcited by 2
  11. 2024Boosting Medical Image-based Cancer Detection via Text-guided Supervision from Reportscited by 2
  12. 2024Ranking-aware adapter for text-driven image ordering with CLIPcited by 2
  13. 2025STAR: A Foundation Model-driven Framework for Robust Task Planning and Failure Recovery in Robotic Systemscited by 2
  14. 2025FiGO: Fine-Grained Object Counting without Annotationscited by 2
  15. 2025Parameterized Diffusion Optimization enabled Autoregressive Ordinal Regression for Diabetic Retinopathy Gradingcited by 2
  16. 2025Text-promptable Object Counting via Quantity Awareness Enhancementcited by 2
  17. 2025Semi-Supervised Multi-View Crowd Counting by Ranking Multi-View Fusion Modelscited by 2
  18. 2026Bootstrapping MLLM for Weakly-Supervised Class-Agnostic Object Countingcited by 2
  19. 2023GazeCLIP: Enhancing Gaze Estimation Through Text-Guided Multimodal Learningcited by 1
  20. 2024Enhancing Zero-shot Counting via Language-guided Exemplar Learningcited by 1
  21. 2025Consistent-Point: Consistent Pseudo-Points for Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting and Localizationcited by 1
  22. 2025ProgRoCC: A Progressive Approach to Rough Crowd Countingcited by 1
  23. 2025Counting Through Occlusion: Framework for Open World Amodal Countingcited by 1
  24. 2023SYRAC: Synthesize, Rank, and Countcited by 0
  25. 2024Bootstrapping Vision-language Models for Self-supervised Remote Physiological Measurementcited by 0
  26. 2024Vision Transformers for Weakly-Supervised Microorganism Enumerationcited by 0
  27. 2025FocalCount: Towards Class-Count Imbalance in Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 0
  28. 2025Count2Density: Crowd Density Estimation without Location-level Annotationscited by 0
  29. 2025Beyond Memorization: A Multi-Modal Ordinal Regression Benchmark to Expose Popularity Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  30. 2026One-Shot Crowd Counting With Density Guidance For Scene Adaptationcited by 0
  31. 2026Dense Point-to-Mask Optimization with Reinforced Point Selection for Crowd Instance Segmentationcited by 0
  32. 2026When Numbers Speak: Aligning Textual Numerals and Visual Instances in Text-to-Video Diffusion Modelscited by 0
  33. 2026ABACUS: Adapting Unified Foundation Model for Bridging Image Count Understanding and Generationcited by 0
  34. 2026DCA-MoE: Spatially Adaptive Cross-Layer Fusion and Density-Routed Experts for Crowd Countingcited by 0
  35. 2026CrowdCue: Specialist-Cue Conditioning for Vision-Language Crowd Countingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024VMambaCC: A Visual State Space Model for Crowd Counting
  2. 2023Teaching CLIP to Count to Ten
  3. 2024CountCLIP -- [Re] Teaching CLIP to Count to Ten
  4. 2024LVLM-COUNT: Enhancing the Counting Ability of Large Vision-Language Models
  5. 2026Why MLLMs Struggle to Count: Overcoming Individuation and Aggregation Bottlenecks with ConvStack
  6. 2024Multi-modal Crowd Counting via a Broker Modality
  7. 2024Diffusion-based Data Augmentation for Object Counting Problems
  8. 2023CrowdDiff: Multi-hypothesis Crowd Density Estimation using Diffusion Models