RGB2Hands: Real-Time Tracking of 3D Hand Interactions from Monocular RGB Video
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Abstract (arXiv)
Tracking and reconstructing the 3D pose and geometry of two hands in interaction is a challenging problem that has a high relevance for several human-computer interaction applications, including AR/VR, robotics, or sign language recognition. Existing works are either limited to simpler tracking settings (e.g., considering only a single hand or two spatially separated hands), or rely on less ubiquitous sensors, such as depth cameras. In contrast, in this work we present the first real-time method for motion capture of skeletal pose and 3D surface geometry of hands from a single RGB camera that explicitly considers close interactions. In order to address the inherent depth ambiguities in RGB data, we propose a novel multi-task CNN that regresses multiple complementary pieces of information, including segmentation, dense matchings to a 3D hand model, and 2D keypoint positions, together with newly proposed intra-hand relative depth and inter-hand distance maps. These predictions are subsequently used in a generative model fitting framework in order to estimate pose and shape parameters of a 3D hand model for both hands. We experimentally verify the individual components of our RGB two-hand tracking and 3D reconstruction pipeline through an extensive ablation study. Moreover, we demonstrate that our approach offers previously unseen two-hand tracking performance from RGB, and quantitatively and qualitatively outperforms existing RGB-based methods that were not explicitly designed for two-hand interactions. Moreover, our method even performs on-par with depth-based real-time methods.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Jun 2021.
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34 of 58 references.
References · 34
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
- 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,612
- 2016Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast Stylizationcited by 1,198
- 2018OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,162
- 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,064
- 2019Learning joint reconstruction of hands and manipulated objectscited by 378
- 2019FreiHAND: A Dataset for Markerless Capture of Hand Pose and Shape from Single RGB Imagescited by 271
- 2017Learning to Estimate 3D Hand Pose from Single RGB Imagescited by 234
- 2017Hand Keypoint Detection in Single Images using Multiview Bootstrappingcited by 231
- 20193D Hand Shape and Pose from Images in the Wildcited by 190
- 20193D Hand Shape and Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 174
- 2016Panoptic Studio: A Massively Multiview System for Social Interaction Capturecited by 173
22 more
- 2018Monocular Total Capture: Posing Face, Body, and Hands in the Wildcited by 162
- 2017GANerated Hands for Real-time 3D Hand Tracking from Monocular RGBcited by 147
- 2019H+O: Unified Egocentric Recognition of 3D Hand-Object Poses and Interactionscited by 141
- 2019End-to-end Hand Mesh Recovery from a Monocular RGB Imagecited by 124
- 2015Capturing Hands in Action using Discriminative Salient Points and Physics Simulationcited by 115
- 2019Pushing the Envelope for RGB-based Dense 3D Hand Pose Estimation via Neural Renderingcited by 115
- 2018Hand Pose Estimation via Latent 2.5D Heatmap Regressioncited by 111
- 2018LiveCap: Real-time Human Performance Capture from Monocular Videocited by 93
- 2018Cross-modal Deep Variational Hand Pose Estimationcited by 89
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- 2016Real-time Joint Tracking of a Hand Manipulating an Object from RGB-D Inputcited by 56
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- 20173D Object Reconstruction from Hand-Object Interactionscited by 31
- 2016Fast and Robust Hand Tracking Using Detection-Guided Optimizationcited by 30
- 2016Training a Feedback Loop for Hand Pose Estimationcited by 21
- 2017Depth-Based 3D Hand Pose Estimation: From Current Achievements to Future Goalscited by 21
- 2018Point-to-Pose Voting based Hand Pose Estimation using Residual Permutation Equivariant Layercited by 21
- 20143D Hand Pose Detection in Egocentric RGB-D Imagescited by 17
- 2018Augmented Skeleton Space Transfer for Depth-based Hand Pose Estimationcited by 15
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- 2017Dynamics Based 3D Skeletal Hand Trackingcited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 8; 2023: 9; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
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- 2022Interacting Attention Graph for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 87
- 2022Collaborative Learning for Hand and Object Reconstruction with Attention-guided Graph Convolutioncited by 54
- 2021A Skeleton-Driven Neural Occupancy Representation for Articulated Handscited by 50
- 2023gSDF: Geometry-Driven Signed Distance Functions for 3D Hand-Object Reconstructioncited by 50
- 2021Towards Accurate Alignment in Real-time 3D Hand-Mesh Reconstructioncited by 44
- 2023ACR: Attention Collaboration-based Regressor for Arbitrary Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 37
- 2022Hierarchical Temporal Transformer for 3D Hand Pose Estimation and Action Recognition from Egocentric RGB Videoscited by 35
- 2023A Probabilistic Attention Model with Occlusion-aware Texture Regression for 3D Hand Reconstruction from a Single RGB Imagecited by 32
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2022Consistent 3D Hand Reconstruction in Video via self-supervised Learningcited by 28
- 2023A2J-Transformer: Anchor-to-Joint Transformer Network for 3D Interacting Hand Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 15
- 2023MeMaHand: Exploiting Mesh-Mano Interaction for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 8
11 more
- 2022LWA-HAND: Lightweight Attention Hand for Interacting Hand Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2022Ego2HandsPose: A Dataset for Egocentric Two-hand 3D Global Pose Estimationcited by 4
- 2024ThermoHands: A Benchmark for 3D Hand Pose Estimation from Egocentric Thermal Imagescited by 4
- 2024TouchInsight: Uncertainty-aware Rapid Touch and Text Input for Mixed Reality from Egocentric Visioncited by 4
- 2022Real-time Virtual-Try-On from a Single Example Image through Deep Inverse Graphics and Learned Differentiable Rendererscited by 2
- 2023RemoteTouch: Enhancing Immersive 3D Video Communication with Hand Touchcited by 2
- 2023Tracking Fast by Learning Slow: An Event-based Speed Adaptive Hand Tracker Leveraging Knowledge in RGB Domaincited by 2
- 2025VM-BHINet:Vision Mamba Bimanual Hand Interaction Network for 3D Interacting Hand Mesh Recovery From a Single RGB Imagecited by 2
- 2025emg2tendon: From sEMG Signals to Tendon Control in Musculoskeletal Handscited by 2
- 2023UltraGlove: Hand Pose Estimation with Mems-Ultrasonic Sensorscited by 1
- 2023Exploiting Spatial-Temporal Context for Interacting Hand Reconstruction on Monocular RGB Videocited by 1
- 2025emg2tendon: From sEMG Signals to Tendon Control in Musculoskeletal Hands29 Jul 2025
- 2025VM-BHINet:Vision Mamba Bimanual Hand Interaction Network for 3D Interacting Hand Mesh Recovery From a Single RGB Image20 Apr 2025
- 2024TouchInsight: Uncertainty-aware Rapid Touch and Text Input for Mixed Reality from Egocentric Vision8 Oct 2024
- 2024ThermoHands: A Benchmark for 3D Hand Pose Estimation from Egocentric Thermal Images14 Mar 2024
- 2023Exploiting Spatial-Temporal Context for Interacting Hand Reconstruction on Monocular RGB Video8 Aug 2023
- 2023UltraGlove: Hand Pose Estimation with Mems-Ultrasonic Sensors22 Jun 2023
- 2023A Probabilistic Attention Model with Occlusion-aware Texture Regression for 3D Hand Reconstruction from a Single RGB Image27 Apr 2023
- 2023gSDF: Geometry-Driven Signed Distance Functions for 3D Hand-Object Reconstruction24 Apr 2023
- 2023A2J-Transformer: Anchor-to-Joint Transformer Network for 3D Interacting Hand Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Image7 Apr 2023
- 2023MeMaHand: Exploiting Mesh-Mano Interaction for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstruction28 Mar 2023
- 2023ACR: Attention Collaboration-based Regressor for Arbitrary Two-Hand Reconstruction10 Mar 2023
- 2023Tracking Fast by Learning Slow: An Event-based Speed Adaptive Hand Tracker Leveraging Knowledge in RGB Domain28 Feb 2023
11 more
- 2023RemoteTouch: Enhancing Immersive 3D Video Communication with Hand Touch28 Feb 2023
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstruction27 Oct 2022
- 2022Hierarchical Temporal Transformer for 3D Hand Pose Estimation and Action Recognition from Egocentric RGB Videos20 Sep 2022
- 2022LWA-HAND: Lightweight Attention Hand for Interacting Hand Reconstruction21 Aug 2022
- 2022Ego2HandsPose: A Dataset for Egocentric Two-hand 3D Global Pose Estimation10 Jun 2022
- 2022Real-time Virtual-Try-On from a Single Example Image through Deep Inverse Graphics and Learned Differentiable Renderers12 May 2022
- 2022Collaborative Learning for Hand and Object Reconstruction with Attention-guided Graph Convolution27 Apr 2022
- 2022Interacting Attention Graph for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstruction17 Mar 2022
- 2022Consistent 3D Hand Reconstruction in Video via self-supervised Learning24 Jan 2022
- 2021A Skeleton-Driven Neural Occupancy Representation for Articulated Hands23 Sep 2021
- 2021Towards Accurate Alignment in Real-time 3D Hand-Mesh Reconstruction3 Sep 2021
- 2022Interacting Attention Graph for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 87
- 2022Collaborative Learning for Hand and Object Reconstruction with Attention-guided Graph Convolutioncited by 54
- 2021A Skeleton-Driven Neural Occupancy Representation for Articulated Handscited by 50
- 2023gSDF: Geometry-Driven Signed Distance Functions for 3D Hand-Object Reconstructioncited by 50
- 2021Towards Accurate Alignment in Real-time 3D Hand-Mesh Reconstructioncited by 44
- 2023ACR: Attention Collaboration-based Regressor for Arbitrary Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 37
- 2022Hierarchical Temporal Transformer for 3D Hand Pose Estimation and Action Recognition from Egocentric RGB Videoscited by 35
- 2023A Probabilistic Attention Model with Occlusion-aware Texture Regression for 3D Hand Reconstruction from a Single RGB Imagecited by 32
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2022Consistent 3D Hand Reconstruction in Video via self-supervised Learningcited by 28
- 2023A2J-Transformer: Anchor-to-Joint Transformer Network for 3D Interacting Hand Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 15
- 2023MeMaHand: Exploiting Mesh-Mano Interaction for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 8
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2025emg2tendon: From sEMG Signals to Tendon Control in Musculoskeletal Hands29 Jul 2025
- 2024TouchInsight: Uncertainty-aware Rapid Touch and Text Input for Mixed Reality from Egocentric Vision8 Oct 2024
- 2024ThermoHands: A Benchmark for 3D Hand Pose Estimation from Egocentric Thermal Images14 Mar 2024
- 2023Exploiting Spatial-Temporal Context for Interacting Hand Reconstruction on Monocular RGB Video8 Aug 2023
- 2023UltraGlove: Hand Pose Estimation with Mems-Ultrasonic Sensors22 Jun 2023
- 2023A Probabilistic Attention Model with Occlusion-aware Texture Regression for 3D Hand Reconstruction from a Single RGB Image27 Apr 2023
- 2023gSDF: Geometry-Driven Signed Distance Functions for 3D Hand-Object Reconstruction24 Apr 2023
- 2023A2J-Transformer: Anchor-to-Joint Transformer Network for 3D Interacting Hand Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Image7 Apr 2023
- 2023MeMaHand: Exploiting Mesh-Mano Interaction for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstruction28 Mar 2023
- 2023ACR: Attention Collaboration-based Regressor for Arbitrary Two-Hand Reconstruction10 Mar 2023
- 2023Tracking Fast by Learning Slow: An Event-based Speed Adaptive Hand Tracker Leveraging Knowledge in RGB Domain28 Feb 2023
- 2023RemoteTouch: Enhancing Immersive 3D Video Communication with Hand Touch28 Feb 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)