Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
The precise localization of 3D objects from a single image without depth information is a highly challenging problem. Most existing methods adopt the same approach for all objects regardless of their diverse distributions, leading to limited performance for truncated objects. In this paper, we propose a flexible framework for monocular 3D object detection which explicitly decouples the truncated objects and adaptively combines multiple approaches for object depth estimation. Specifically, we decouple the edge of the feature map for predicting long-tail truncated objects so that the optimization of normal objects is not influenced. Furthermore, we formulate the object depth estimation as an uncertainty-guided ensemble of directly regressed object depth and solved depths from different groups of keypoints. Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art method by relatively 27% for the moderate level and 30% for the hard level in the test set of KITTI benchmark while maintaining real-time efficiency. Code will be available at urlhttps://github.com/zhangyp15/MonoFlex.
Key facts. Cited by 184 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2021.
Builds on
36 of 50 references.
References · 36
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
- 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,335
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
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- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
24 more
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
- 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
- 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
- 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 202
- 2019Learning Depth-Guided Convolutions for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 169
- 2019Stereo R-CNN based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 163
- 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
- 2020RTM3D: Real-time Monocular 3D Detection from Object Keypoints for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
- 2018Bounding Box Regression with Uncertainty for Accurate Object Detectioncited by 143
- 2015Why M Heads are Better than One: Training a Diverse Ensemble of Deep Networkscited by 138
- 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
- 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
- 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
- 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pseudo-LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 113
- 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
- 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection Leveraging Accurate Proposals and Shape Reconstructioncited by 106
- 2019Gaussian YOLOv3: An Accurate and Fast Object Detector Using Localization Uncertainty for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
- 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
- 2019Deep Fitting Degree Scoring Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 67
- 2020Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled Structured Polygon Estimation and Height-Guided Depth Estimationcited by 43
- 2019Towards Generalization Across Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 41
- 2019Triangulation Learning Network: from Monocular to Stereo 3D Object Detectioncited by 40
- 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection via Geometric Reasoning on Keypointscited by 31
- 2019Tree-gated Deep Mixture-of-Experts For Pose-robust Face Alignmentcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 48; 2023: 52; 2024: 35; 2025: 29; 2026: 8.
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- 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 334
- 2022BEVFormer v2: Adapting Modern Image Backbones to Bird's-Eye-View Recognition via Perspective Supervisioncited by 302
- 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 177
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- 2026Towards Intrinsic-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detection28 Mar 2026
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Mar 2026
- 2026Depth as Prior Knowledge for Object Detection5 Feb 2026
- 2026Mono3DV: Monocular 3D Object Detection with 3D-Aware Bipartite Matching and Variational Query DeNoising3 Jan 2026
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025VSRD++: Autolabeling for 3D Object Detection via Instance-Aware Volumetric Silhouette Rendering1 Dec 2025
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detection24 Nov 2025
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