mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detection

arXiv 2104.02323 ↗First posted 6 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 184

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Abstract (arXiv)

The precise localization of 3D objects from a single image without depth information is a highly challenging problem. Most existing methods adopt the same approach for all objects regardless of their diverse distributions, leading to limited performance for truncated objects. In this paper, we propose a flexible framework for monocular 3D object detection which explicitly decouples the truncated objects and adaptively combines multiple approaches for object depth estimation. Specifically, we decouple the edge of the feature map for predicting long-tail truncated objects so that the optimization of normal objects is not influenced. Furthermore, we formulate the object depth estimation as an uncertainty-guided ensemble of directly regressed object depth and solved depths from different groups of keypoints. Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art method by relatively 27% for the moderate level and 30% for the hard level in the test set of KITTI benchmark while maintaining real-time efficiency. Code will be available at urlhttps://github.com/zhangyp15/MonoFlex.

Key facts. Cited by 184 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2021.

Builds on

36 of 50 references.

References · 36

  1. 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
  2. 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,335
  3. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  4. 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,573
  5. 2019Generalized Intersection over Union: A Metric and A Loss for Bounding Box Regressioncited by 1,361
  6. 2017Multi-Task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semanticscited by 1,345
  7. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  8. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
  9. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
  10. 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
  11. 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
  12. 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
24 more
  1. 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
  2. 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
  3. 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
  4. 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 202
  5. 2019Learning Depth-Guided Convolutions for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 169
  6. 2019Stereo R-CNN based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 163
  7. 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
  8. 2020RTM3D: Real-time Monocular 3D Detection from Object Keypoints for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
  9. 2018Bounding Box Regression with Uncertainty for Accurate Object Detectioncited by 143
  10. 2015Why M Heads are Better than One: Training a Diverse Ensemble of Deep Networkscited by 138
  11. 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
  12. 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
  13. 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
  14. 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pseudo-LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 113
  15. 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
  16. 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection Leveraging Accurate Proposals and Shape Reconstructioncited by 106
  17. 2019Gaussian YOLOv3: An Accurate and Fast Object Detector Using Localization Uncertainty for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
  18. 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
  19. 2019Deep Fitting Degree Scoring Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 67
  20. 2020Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled Structured Polygon Estimation and Height-Guided Depth Estimationcited by 43
  21. 2019Towards Generalization Across Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 41
  22. 2019Triangulation Learning Network: from Monocular to Stereo 3D Object Detectioncited by 40
  23. 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection via Geometric Reasoning on Keypointscited by 31
  24. 2019Tree-gated Deep Mixture-of-Experts For Pose-robust Face Alignmentcited by 5

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 48; 2023: 52; 2024: 35; 2025: 29; 2026: 8.

184 papers.

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  1. 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 711
  2. 2022BEVDet4D: Exploit Temporal Cues in Multi-camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 340
  3. 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 334
  4. 2022BEVFormer v2: Adapting Modern Image Backbones to Bird's-Eye-View Recognition via Perspective Supervisioncited by 302
  5. 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
  6. 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 177
  7. 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
  8. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  9. 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
  10. 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
  11. 20213D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 106
  12. 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
38 more
  1. 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
  2. 2022Rope3D: TheRoadside Perception Dataset for Autonomous Driving and Monocular 3D Object Detection Taskcited by 79
  3. 2023BEVHeight: A Robust Framework for Vision-based Roadside 3D Object Detectioncited by 74
  4. 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
  5. 2021Learning Auxiliary Monocular Contexts Helps Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  6. 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
  7. 2022BEVDistill: Cross-Modal BEV Distillation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  8. 2021Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: a Surveycited by 63
  9. 2022Polar Parametrization for Vision-based Surround-View 3D Detectioncited by 53
  10. 2021Progressive Coordinate Transforms for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 52
  11. 2022Benchmarking the Robustness of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
  12. 2022DEVIANT: Depth EquiVarIAnt NeTwork for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  13. 2022Cross-Modality Knowledge Distillation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  14. 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 45
  15. 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
  16. 2022Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth from Motioncited by 38
  17. 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 38
  18. 2022MonoGround: Detecting Monocular 3D Objects from the Groundcited by 37
  19. 2024Ray Denoising: Depth-aware Hard Negative Sampling for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 36
  20. 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
  21. 2023MonoNeRD: NeRF-like Representations for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 33
  22. 2022Efficient Multi-Task RGB-D Scene Analysis for Indoor Environmentscited by 32
  23. 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
  24. 2022MonoJSG: Joint Semantic and Geometric Cost Volume for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
  25. 2021Lidar Point Cloud Guided Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  26. 2023Fully Sparse Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  27. 2023BEVHeight++: Toward Robust Visual Centric 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  28. 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
  29. 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
  30. 2022Are We Ready for Vision-Centric Driving Streaming Perception? The ASAP Benchmarkcited by 24
  31. 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  32. 2022OPA-3D: Occlusion-Aware Pixel-Wise Aggregation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  33. 2023Mono3DVG: 3D Visual Grounding in Monocular Imagescited by 22
  34. 20223D Vision with Transformers: A Surveycited by 21
  35. 2023FrustumFormer: Adaptive Instance-aware Resampling for Multi-view 3D Detectioncited by 21
  36. 2023MonoPGC: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pixel Geometry Contextscited by 21
  37. 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 21
  38. 2022BEV-SAN: Accurate BEV 3D Object Detection via Slice Attention Networkscited by 20

50 most cited of 184 All 184 (JSON)