Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representation
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recently proposed pseudo-LiDAR based 3D detectors greatly improve the benchmark of monocular/stereo 3D detection task. However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure to the research community. In this paper, we perform an in-depth investigation and observe that the efficacy of pseudo-LiDAR representation comes from the coordinate transformation, instead of data representation itself. Based on this observation, we design an image based CNN detector named Patch-Net, which is more generalized and can be instantiated as pseudo-LiDAR based 3D detectors. Moreover, the pseudo-LiDAR data in our PatchNet is organized as the image representation, which means existing 2D CNN designs can be easily utilized for extracting deep features from input data and boosting 3D detection performance. We conduct extensive experiments on the challenging KITTI dataset, where the proposed PatchNet outperforms all existing pseudo-LiDAR based counterparts. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/xinzhuma/patchnet.
Key facts. Cited by 109 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 39; 2023: 25; 2024: 15; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
- 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 138
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Vision-Centric BEV Perception: A Surveycited by 126
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
- 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
38 more
- 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
- 2021Geometry-based Distance Decomposition for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 83
- 2021MonoRUn: Monocular 3D Object Detection by Reconstruction and Uncertainty Propagationcited by 82
- 2022Dynamic Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 70
- 2021Monocular 3D Object Detection: An Extrinsic Parameter Free Approachcited by 69
- 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2021Learning Auxiliary Monocular Contexts Helps Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
- 2021Progressive Coordinate Transforms for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 52
- 2021EPNet++: Cascade Bi-directional Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
- 2022DEVIANT: Depth EquiVarIAnt NeTwork for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
- 2022Cross-Modality Knowledge Distillation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
- 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 45
- 2021Sparse Auxiliary Networks for Unified Monocular Depth Prediction and Completioncited by 39
- 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
- 2023CAPE: Camera View Position Embedding for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
- 2022Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth from Motioncited by 38
- 2022MonoGround: Detecting Monocular 3D Objects from the Groundcited by 37
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
- 2021The Devil is in the Task: Exploiting Reciprocal Appearance-Localization Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2023MonoNeRD: NeRF-like Representations for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 33
- 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
- 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2022MonoJSG: Joint Semantic and Geometric Cost Volume for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2021Lidar Point Cloud Guided Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
- 2021Synergy between 3DMM and 3D Landmarks for Accurate 3D Facial Geometrycited by 27
- 2022LET-3D-AP: Longitudinal Error Tolerant 3D Average Precision for Camera-Only 3D Detectioncited by 27
- 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
- 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2022OPA-3D: Occlusion-Aware Pixel-Wise Aggregation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2023MonoPGC: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pixel Geometry Contextscited by 21
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 21
- 2021Learning Geometry-Guided Depth via Projective Modeling for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddingscited by 20
- 2023HeightFormer: Explicit Height Modeling without Extra Data for Camera-only 3D Object Detection in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 19
50 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)
- 2026Mono3DV: Monocular 3D Object Detection with 3D-Aware Bipartite Matching and Variational Query DeNoising3 Jan 2026
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025DriveFlow: Rectified Flow Adaptation for Robust 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving24 Nov 2025
- 2025SAMFusion: Sensor-Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather22 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 May 2025
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024Is Multiple Object Tracking a Matter of Specialization?1 Nov 2024
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priors25 Oct 2024
- 2024CARLA Drone: Monocular 3D Object Detection from a Different Perspective21 Aug 2024
- 2024MonoWAD: Weather-Adaptive Diffusion Model for Robust Monocular 3D Object Detection23 Jul 2024
- 2024General Geometry-aware Weakly Supervised 3D Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2024CT3D++: Improving 3D Object Detection with Keypoint-induced Channel-wise Transformer12 Jun 2024
38 more
- 2024Fully Test-Time Adaptation for Monocular 3D Object Detection30 May 2024
- 2024MonoDETRNext: Next-Generation Accurate and Efficient Monocular 3D Object Detector24 May 2024
- 2024Multi-View Attentive Contextualization for Multi-View 3D Object Detection20 May 2024
- 2024TP3M: Transformer-based Pseudo 3D Image Matching with Reference Image14 May 2024
- 2024MonoMAE: Enhancing Monocular 3D Detection through Depth-Aware Masked Autoencoders13 May 2024
- 2024Vision Foundation Model Driven Foreground-Aware Pseudo-LiDAR Generation for Monocular 3D Object Detection15 Apr 2024
- 2024Decoupled Pseudo-labeling for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection26 Mar 2024
- 2024Monocular Per-Object Distance Estimation with Masked Object Modeling6 Jan 2024
- 2023MonoLSS: Learnable Sample Selection For Monocular 3D Detection22 Dec 2023
- 2023GUPNet++: Geometry Uncertainty Propagation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detection24 Oct 2023
- 2023MonoSKD: General Distillation Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detection via Spearman Correlation Coefficient17 Oct 2023
- 2023MonoVisual3DFilter: 3D tomatoes' localisation with monocular cameras using histogram filters9 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Fair and Comprehensive Comparisons for Image-Based 3D Object Detection9 Oct 2023
- 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddings30 Sep 2023
- 2023Semantics-aware LiDAR-Only Pseudo Point Cloud Generation for 3D Object Detection16 Sep 2023
- 2023S3-MonoDETR: Supervised Shape&Scale-perceptive Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detection2 Sep 2023
- 2023MonoNeRD: NeRF-like Representations for Monocular 3D Object Detection18 Aug 2023
- 2023HeightFormer: Explicit Height Modeling without Extra Data for Camera-only 3D Object Detection in Bird's Eye View25 Jul 2023
- 2023SVDM: Single-View Diffusion Model for Pseudo-Stereo 3D Object Detection5 Jul 2023
- 2023Understanding Depth Map Progressively: Adaptive Distance Interval Separation for Monocular 3d Object Detection19 Jun 2023
- 2023Weakly Supervised 3D Object Detection with Multi-Stage Generalization8 Jun 2023
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localization28 May 2023
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detection25 May 2023
- 2023SSD-MonoDETR: Supervised Scale-aware Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detection12 May 2023
- 2023Monocular 3D Object Detection with Bounding Box Denoising in 3D by Perceiver3 Apr 2023
- 20233D Video Object Detection with Learnable Object-Centric Global Optimization27 Mar 2023
- 2023MoGDE: Boosting Mobile Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground Depth Estimation23 Mar 2023
- 2023MonoATT: Online Monocular 3D Object Detection with Adaptive Token Transformer23 Mar 2023
- 2023Augment and Criticize: Exploring Informative Samples for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection20 Mar 2023
- 2023CAPE: Camera View Position Embedding for Multi-View 3D Object Detection17 Mar 2023
- 2023Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection using Multi-View Projection and Direction Consistency15 Mar 2023
- 2023MonoPGC: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pixel Geometry Contexts21 Feb 2023
- 2023OA-DET3D: Embedding Object Awareness as a General Plug-in for Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection13 Jan 2023
- 2022OBMO: One Bounding Box Multiple Objects for Monocular 3D Object Detection20 Dec 2022
- 2022IDMS: Instance Depth for Multi-scale Monocular 3D Object Detection3 Dec 2022
- 2022Attention-Based Depth Distillation with 3D-Aware Positional Encoding for Monocular 3D Object Detection30 Nov 2022
- 2022Cross-Modality Knowledge Distillation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detection14 Nov 2022
- 2022Ground Plane Matters: Picking Up Ground Plane Prior in Monocular 3D Object Detection3 Nov 2022
50 newest of 109 All 109 (JSON)
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
- 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 138
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Vision-Centric BEV Perception: A Surveycited by 126
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
- 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
12 most cited of 105 All 105 (JSON)
- 2026Mono3DV: Monocular 3D Object Detection with 3D-Aware Bipartite Matching and Variational Query DeNoising3 Jan 2026
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025SAMFusion: Sensor-Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather22 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 May 2025
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024Is Multiple Object Tracking a Matter of Specialization?1 Nov 2024
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priors25 Oct 2024
- 2024CARLA Drone: Monocular 3D Object Detection from a Different Perspective21 Aug 2024
- 2024General Geometry-aware Weakly Supervised 3D Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2024CT3D++: Improving 3D Object Detection with Keypoint-induced Channel-wise Transformer12 Jun 2024
- 2024Fully Test-Time Adaptation for Monocular 3D Object Detection30 May 2024
- 2024MonoDETRNext: Next-Generation Accurate and Efficient Monocular 3D Object Detector24 May 2024
12 newest of 105 All 105 (JSON)