Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detection
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
As an inherently ill-posed problem, depth estimation from single images is the most challenging part of monocular 3D object detection (M3OD). Many existing methods rely on preconceived assumptions to bridge the missing spatial information in monocular images, and predict a sole depth value for every object of interest. However, these assumptions do not always hold in practical applications. To tackle this problem, we propose a depth solving system that fully explores the visual clues from the subtasks in M3OD and generates multiple estimations for the depth of each target. Since the depth estimations rely on different assumptions in essence, they present diverse distributions. Even if some assumptions collapse, the estimations established on the remaining assumptions are still reliable. In addition, we develop a depth selection and combination strategy. This strategy is able to remove abnormal estimations caused by collapsed assumptions, and adaptively combine the remaining estimations into a single one. In this way, our depth solving system becomes more precise and robust. Exploiting the clues from multiple subtasks of M3OD and without introducing any extra information, our method surpasses the current best method by more than 20% relatively on the Moderate level of test split in the KITTI 3D object detection benchmark, while still maintaining real-time efficiency.
Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 May 2022.
Builds on
37 of 50 references.
References · 37
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
- 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,352
- 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
- 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,175
- 2019Deep Learning for 3D Point Clouds: A Surveycited by 558
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
- 2019A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Autonomous Drivingcited by 403
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 327
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 278
- 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 252
- 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 249
- 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 217
25 more
- 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 204
- 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 191
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 185
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 156
- 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
- 2020RTM3D: Real-time Monocular 3D Detection from Object Keypoints for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
- 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 140
- 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
- 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
- 2021SE-SSD: Self-Ensembling Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 119
- 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
- 2020What makes instance discrimination good for transfer learning?cited by 111
- 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
- 2019Gaussian YOLOv3: An Accurate and Fast Object Detector Using Localization Uncertainty for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
- 2021Geometry-based Distance Decomposition for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
- 2021MonoRUn: Monocular 3D Object Detection by Reconstruction and Uncertainty Propagationcited by 82
- 2020End-to-End Pseudo-LiDAR for Image-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 80
- 2021Monocular 3D Object Detection: An Extrinsic Parameter Free Approachcited by 69
- 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 2021Focus on Local: Detecting Lane Marker from Bottom Up via Key Pointcited by 65
- 2019Towards Generalization Across Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 41
- 2021The Devil is in the Task: Exploiting Reciprocal Appearance-Localization Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2020Are we Missing Confidence in Pseudo-LiDAR Methods for Monocular 3D Object Detection?cited by 27
- 2020Confidence Guided Stereo 3D Object Detection with Split Depth Estimationcited by 18
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 7; 2023: 13; 2024: 10; 2025: 11; 2026: 5.
46 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 178
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 39
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 36
- 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 22
- 2023MonoLSS: Learnable Sample Selection For Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 19
- 2023Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection using Multi-View Projection and Direction Consistencycited by 18
- 2022Quality Matters: Embracing Quality Clues for Robust 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 17
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 13
- 2024CARLA Drone: Monocular 3D Object Detection from a Different Perspectivecited by 12
- 2023GroupLane: End-to-End 3D Lane Detection with Channel-wise Groupingcited by 11
- 2024Decoupled Pseudo-labeling for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 11
34 more
- 2024MonoTAKD: Teaching Assistant Knowledge Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2023Monocular 3D Object Detection with Bounding Box Denoising in 3D by Perceivercited by 8
- 2025VisHall3D: Monocular Semantic Scene Completion from Reconstructing the Visible Regions to Hallucinating the Invisible Regionscited by 7
- 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Imagescited by 6
- 2024Towards Unified 3D Object Detection via Algorithm and Data Unificationcited by 6
- 2022BEVUDA: Multi-geometric Space Alignments for Domain Adaptive BEV 3D Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2023VoxelFormer: Bird's-Eye-View Feature Generation based on Dual-view Attention for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 5
- 2023GUPNet++: Geometry Uncertainty Propagation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2022Depth Is All You Need for Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 4
- 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2022Delving into the Pre-training Paradigm of Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2023AdvMono3D: Advanced Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Robust Adversarial Trainingcited by 2
- 2024Transfer Learning from Simulated to Real Scenes for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Modelscited by 2
- 2025StereoDETR: Stereo-based Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 2
- 2023Towards Fair and Comprehensive Comparisons for Image-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Weak Cube R-CNN: Weakly Supervised 3D Detection using only 2D Bounding Boxescited by 1
- 2025BEVUDA++: Geometric-aware Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 1
- 2023SVDM: Single-View Diffusion Model for Pseudo-Stereo 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2024Revisiting Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth Thickness Fieldcited by 0
- 2025MonoVQD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Variational Query Denoising and Self-Distillationcited by 0
- 20253DRot: Rediscovering the Missing Primitive for RGB-Based 3D Augmentationcited by 0
- 2025Robust Visual Localization in Compute-Constrained Environments by Salient Edge Rendering and Weighted Hamming Similaritycited by 0
- 2026Mono3DV: Monocular 3D Object Detection with 3D-Aware Bipartite Matching and Variational Query DeNoisingcited by 0
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026MonoPRIO: Adaptive Prior Conditioning for Unified Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 0
- 2026MonoMIP: Multi-Height Inverse Perspective Mapping for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026MonoMIP: Multi-Height Inverse Perspective Mapping for Monocular 3D Object Detection13 Oct 2026
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026MonoPRIO: Adaptive Prior Conditioning for Unified Monocular 3D Object Detection14 May 2026
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Mar 2026
- 2026Mono3DV: Monocular 3D Object Detection with 3D-Aware Bipartite Matching and Variational Query DeNoising3 Jan 2026
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025StereoDETR: Stereo-based Transformer for 3D Object Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Robust Visual Localization in Compute-Constrained Environments by Salient Edge Rendering and Weighted Hamming Similarity29 Sep 2025
- 2025BEVUDA++: Geometric-aware Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multi-View 3D Object Detection17 Sep 2025
- 20253DRot: Rediscovering the Missing Primitive for RGB-Based 3D Augmentation2 Aug 2025
- 2025VisHall3D: Monocular Semantic Scene Completion from Reconstructing the Visible Regions to Hallucinating the Invisible Regions25 Jul 2025
34 more
- 2025MonoVQD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Variational Query Denoising and Self-Distillation14 Jun 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 May 2025
- 2025Weak Cube R-CNN: Weakly Supervised 3D Detection using only 2D Bounding Boxes17 Apr 2025
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Models17 Mar 2025
- 2024Revisiting Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth Thickness Field26 Dec 2024
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priors25 Oct 2024
- 2024Transfer Learning from Simulated to Real Scenes for Monocular 3D Object Detection28 Aug 2024
- 2024CARLA Drone: Monocular 3D Object Detection from a Different Perspective21 Aug 2024
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detection14 Jul 2024
- 2024MonoTAKD: Teaching Assistant Knowledge Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 Apr 2024
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depths4 Apr 2024
- 2024Decoupled Pseudo-labeling for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection26 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Unified 3D Object Detection via Algorithm and Data Unification28 Feb 2024
- 2023MonoLSS: Learnable Sample Selection For Monocular 3D Detection22 Dec 2023
- 2023GUPNet++: Geometry Uncertainty Propagation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detection24 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Fair and Comprehensive Comparisons for Image-Based 3D Object Detection9 Oct 2023
- 2023ClusterFusion: Leveraging Radar Spatial Features for Radar-Camera 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Vehicles7 Sep 2023
- 2023AdvMono3D: Advanced Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Robust Adversarial Training3 Sep 2023
- 2023GroupLane: End-to-End 3D Lane Detection with Channel-wise Grouping18 Jul 2023
- 2023SVDM: Single-View Diffusion Model for Pseudo-Stereo 3D Object Detection5 Jul 2023
- 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Images14 Jun 2023
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localization28 May 2023
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detection25 May 2023
- 2023Monocular 3D Object Detection with Bounding Box Denoising in 3D by Perceiver3 Apr 2023
- 2023VoxelFormer: Bird's-Eye-View Feature Generation based on Dual-view Attention for Multi-view 3D Object Detection3 Apr 2023
- 2023Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection using Multi-View Projection and Direction Consistency15 Mar 2023
- 2022BEVUDA: Multi-geometric Space Alignments for Domain Adaptive BEV 3D Object Detection30 Nov 2022
- 2022Depth Is All You Need for Monocular 3D Detection5 Oct 2022
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detection5 Oct 2022
- 2022Quality Matters: Embracing Quality Clues for Robust 3D Multi-Object Tracking23 Aug 2022
- 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detection20 Jul 2022
- 2022Consistency of Implicit and Explicit Features Matters for Monocular 3D Object Detection16 Jul 2022
- 2022Delving into the Pre-training Paradigm of Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Jun 2022
- 2024MonoTAKD: Teaching Assistant Knowledge Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Mar 2026
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detection14 Jul 2024
- 2024MonoTAKD: Teaching Assistant Knowledge Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 Apr 2024
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 178
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 39
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 36
- 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 22
- 2023MonoLSS: Learnable Sample Selection For Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 19
- 2023Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection using Multi-View Projection and Direction Consistencycited by 18
- 2022Quality Matters: Embracing Quality Clues for Robust 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 17
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 13
- 2024CARLA Drone: Monocular 3D Object Detection from a Different Perspectivecited by 12
- 2023GroupLane: End-to-End 3D Lane Detection with Channel-wise Groupingcited by 11
- 2024Decoupled Pseudo-labeling for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 11
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2026MonoMIP: Multi-Height Inverse Perspective Mapping for Monocular 3D Object Detection13 Oct 2026
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026MonoPRIO: Adaptive Prior Conditioning for Unified Monocular 3D Object Detection14 May 2026
- 2026Mono3DV: Monocular 3D Object Detection with 3D-Aware Bipartite Matching and Variational Query DeNoising3 Jan 2026
- 2025LeAD-M3D: Leveraging Asymmetric Distillation for Real-Time Monocular 3D Detection5 Dec 2025
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025StereoDETR: Stereo-based Transformer for 3D Object Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Robust Visual Localization in Compute-Constrained Environments by Salient Edge Rendering and Weighted Hamming Similarity29 Sep 2025
- 2025BEVUDA++: Geometric-aware Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multi-View 3D Object Detection17 Sep 2025
- 20253DRot: Rediscovering the Missing Primitive for RGB-Based 3D Augmentation2 Aug 2025
- 2025VisHall3D: Monocular Semantic Scene Completion from Reconstructing the Visible Regions to Hallucinating the Invisible Regions25 Jul 2025
- 2025MonoVQD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Variational Query Denoising and Self-Distillation14 Jun 2025
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)