MonoGround: Detecting Monocular 3D Objects from the Ground
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Abstract (arXiv)
Monocular 3D object detection has attracted great attention for its advantages in simplicity and cost. Due to the ill-posed 2D to 3D mapping essence from the monocular imaging process, monocular 3D object detection suffers from inaccurate depth estimation and thus has poor 3D detection results. To alleviate this problem, we propose to introduce the ground plane as a prior in the monocular 3d object detection. The ground plane prior serves as an additional geometric condition to the ill-posed mapping and an extra source in depth estimation. In this way, we can get a more accurate depth estimation from the ground. Meanwhile, to take full advantage of the ground plane prior, we propose a depth-align training strategy and a precise two-stage depth inference method tailored for the ground plane prior. It is worth noting that the introduced ground plane prior requires no extra data sources like LiDAR, stereo images, and depth information. Extensive experiments on the KITTI benchmark show that our method could achieve state-of-the-art results compared with other methods while maintaining a very fast speed. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/cfzd/MonoGround.
Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2022.
Builds on
40 of 45 references.
References · 40
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
- 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
- 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2017Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregationcited by 325
- 2018An Intriguing Failing of Convolutional Neural Networks and the CoordConv Solutioncited by 302
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
- 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
28 more
- 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
- 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 202
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
- 2019Learning Depth-Guided Convolutions for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 169
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
- 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 138
- 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
- 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
- 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
- 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
- 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
- 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection Leveraging Accurate Proposals and Shape Reconstructioncited by 106
- 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
- 2018MonoGRNet: A Geometric Reasoning Network for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 84
- 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
- 2021Geometry-based Distance Decomposition for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 83
- 2021MonoRUn: Monocular 3D Object Detection by Reconstruction and Uncertainty Propagationcited by 82
- 2021Monocular 3D Object Detection: An Extrinsic Parameter Free Approachcited by 69
- 2019Deep Fitting Degree Scoring Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 67
- 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 2021Ground-aware Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 65
- 2021Progressive Coordinate Transforms for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 52
- 2020Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled Structured Polygon Estimation and Height-Guided Depth Estimationcited by 43
- 2019Towards Generalization Across Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 41
- 2021The Devil is in the Task: Exploiting Reciprocal Appearance-Localization Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2016Reconstructing Vechicles from a Single Image: Shape Priors for Road Scene Understandingcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 7; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 2.
37 papers.
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- 2022STS: Surround-view Temporal Stereo for Multi-view 3D Detectioncited by 53
- 2023LATR: 3D Lane Detection from Monocular Images with Transformercited by 44
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 38
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 21
- 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddingscited by 20
- 2023HeightFormer: Explicit Height Modeling without Extra Data for Camera-only 3D Object Detection in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 19
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 13
- 2023From-Ground-To-Objects: Coarse-to-Fine Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation of Dynamic Objects with Ground Contact Priorcited by 13
- 2025DriveGEN: Generalized and Robust 3D Detection in Driving via Controllable Text-to-Image Diffusion Generationcited by 13
- 2024MonoWAD: Weather-Adaptive Diffusion Model for Robust Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
25 more
- 2024Anchor3DLane++: 3D Lane Detection via Sample-Adaptive Sparse 3D Anchor Regressioncited by 8
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Imagescited by 6
- 2022Ground Plane Matters: Picking Up Ground Plane Prior in Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2024TiGDistill-BEV: Multi-view BEV 3D Object Detection via Target Inner-Geometry Learning Distillationcited by 4
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detectorcited by 4
- 2024You Only Look Bottom-Up for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2024MOSE: Boosting Vision-based Roadside 3D Object Detection with Scene Cuescited by 3
- 2022Towards Accurate Ground Plane Normal Estimation from Ego-Motioncited by 2
- 2024Vision Foundation Model Driven Foreground-Aware Pseudo-LiDAR Generation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Fully Test-Time Adaptation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Datacited by 2
- 2025MonoDINO-DETR: Depth-Enhanced Monocular 3D Object Detection Using a Vision Foundation Modelcited by 2
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Modelscited by 2
- 2025Shape Your Ground: Refining Road Surfaces Beyond Planar Representationscited by 2
- 2025DriveFlow: Rectified Flow Adaptation for Robust 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 2
- 2023Towards Fair and Comprehensive Comparisons for Image-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2024MonoMM: A Multi-scale Mamba-Enhanced Network for Real-time Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Adaptive Dual Uncertainty Optimization: Boosting Monocular 3D Object Detection under Test-Time Shiftscited by 1
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimationcited by 1
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025RoCo-Sim: Enhancing Roadside Collaborative Perception through Foreground Simulationcited by 0
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 0
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Mar 2026
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimation27 Nov 2025
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025DriveFlow: Rectified Flow Adaptation for Robust 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving24 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Dual Uncertainty Optimization: Boosting Monocular 3D Object Detection under Test-Time Shifts28 Aug 2025
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detector15 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 May 2025
- 2025Shape Your Ground: Refining Road Surfaces Beyond Planar Representations15 Apr 2025
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Models17 Mar 2025
- 2025DriveGEN: Generalized and Robust 3D Detection in Driving via Controllable Text-to-Image Diffusion Generation14 Mar 2025
- 2025RoCo-Sim: Enhancing Roadside Collaborative Perception through Foreground Simulation13 Mar 2025
25 more
- 2025MonoDINO-DETR: Depth-Enhanced Monocular 3D Object Detection Using a Vision Foundation Model1 Feb 2025
- 2024TiGDistill-BEV: Multi-view BEV 3D Object Detection via Target Inner-Geometry Learning Distillation30 Dec 2024
- 2024Anchor3DLane++: 3D Lane Detection via Sample-Adaptive Sparse 3D Anchor Regression22 Dec 2024
- 2024Training an Open-Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection Model without 3D Data23 Nov 2024
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priors25 Oct 2024
- 2024MonoMM: A Multi-scale Mamba-Enhanced Network for Real-time Monocular 3D Object Detection1 Aug 2024
- 2024MonoWAD: Weather-Adaptive Diffusion Model for Robust Monocular 3D Object Detection23 Jul 2024
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detection14 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024Fully Test-Time Adaptation for Monocular 3D Object Detection30 May 2024
- 2024Vision Foundation Model Driven Foreground-Aware Pseudo-LiDAR Generation for Monocular 3D Object Detection15 Apr 2024
- 2024MOSE: Boosting Vision-based Roadside 3D Object Detection with Scene Cues8 Apr 2024
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depths4 Apr 2024
- 2024You Only Look Bottom-Up for Monocular 3D Object Detection27 Jan 2024
- 2023From-Ground-To-Objects: Coarse-to-Fine Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation of Dynamic Objects with Ground Contact Prior15 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards Fair and Comprehensive Comparisons for Image-Based 3D Object Detection9 Oct 2023
- 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddings30 Sep 2023
- 2023LATR: 3D Lane Detection from Monocular Images with Transformer8 Aug 2023
- 2023HeightFormer: Explicit Height Modeling without Extra Data for Camera-only 3D Object Detection in Bird's Eye View25 Jul 2023
- 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Images14 Jun 2023
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localization28 May 2023
- 2022Towards Accurate Ground Plane Normal Estimation from Ego-Motion8 Dec 2022
- 2022Ground Plane Matters: Picking Up Ground Plane Prior in Monocular 3D Object Detection3 Nov 2022
- 2022STS: Surround-view Temporal Stereo for Multi-view 3D Detection22 Aug 2022
- 2025DriveGEN: Generalized and Robust 3D Detection in Driving via Controllable Text-to-Image Diffusion Generationcited by 13
- 2024MonoWAD: Weather-Adaptive Diffusion Model for Robust Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2025DriveFlow: Rectified Flow Adaptation for Robust 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025DriveFlow: Rectified Flow Adaptation for Robust 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving24 Nov 2025
- 2025DriveGEN: Generalized and Robust 3D Detection in Driving via Controllable Text-to-Image Diffusion Generation14 Mar 2025
- 2024MonoWAD: Weather-Adaptive Diffusion Model for Robust Monocular 3D Object Detection23 Jul 2024
- 2022STS: Surround-view Temporal Stereo for Multi-view 3D Detectioncited by 53
- 2023LATR: 3D Lane Detection from Monocular Images with Transformercited by 44
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 38
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 21
- 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddingscited by 20
- 2023HeightFormer: Explicit Height Modeling without Extra Data for Camera-only 3D Object Detection in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 19
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 13
- 2023From-Ground-To-Objects: Coarse-to-Fine Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation of Dynamic Objects with Ground Contact Priorcited by 13
- 2024LabelDistill: Label-guided Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation for Camera-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024Anchor3DLane++: 3D Lane Detection via Sample-Adaptive Sparse 3D Anchor Regressioncited by 8
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 8
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026Selective Transfer Learning of Cross-Modality Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detection8 Mar 2026
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimation27 Nov 2025
- 2025IDEAL-M3D: Instance Diversity-Enriched Active Learning for Monocular 3D Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Dual Uncertainty Optimization: Boosting Monocular 3D Object Detection under Test-Time Shifts28 Aug 2025
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detector15 Aug 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detection7 May 2025
- 2025Shape Your Ground: Refining Road Surfaces Beyond Planar Representations15 Apr 2025
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Models17 Mar 2025
- 2025RoCo-Sim: Enhancing Roadside Collaborative Perception through Foreground Simulation13 Mar 2025
- 2025MonoDINO-DETR: Depth-Enhanced Monocular 3D Object Detection Using a Vision Foundation Model1 Feb 2025
- 2024TiGDistill-BEV: Multi-view BEV 3D Object Detection via Target Inner-Geometry Learning Distillation30 Dec 2024
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)