SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Estimating 3D orientation and translation of objects is essential for infrastructure-less autonomous navigation and driving. In case of monocular vision, successful methods have been mainly based on two ingredients: (i) a network generating 2D region proposals, (ii) a R-CNN structure predicting 3D object pose by utilizing the acquired regions of interest. We argue that the 2D detection network is redundant and introduces non-negligible noise for 3D detection. Hence, we propose a novel 3D object detection method, named SMOKE, in this paper that predicts a 3D bounding box for each detected object by combining a single keypoint estimate with regressed 3D variables. As a second contribution, we propose a multi-step disentangling approach for constructing the 3D bounding box, which significantly improves both training convergence and detection accuracy. In contrast to previous 3D detection techniques, our method does not require complicated pre/post-processing, extra data, and a refinement stage. Despite of its structural simplicity, our proposed SMOKE network outperforms all existing monocular 3D detection methods on the KITTI dataset, giving the best state-of-the-art result on both 3D object detection and Bird's eye view evaluation. The code will be made publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 202 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 38; 2022: 43; 2023: 50; 2024: 31; 2025: 28; 2026: 12.
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- 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
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- 2022Sparse4D: Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Sparse Spatial-Temporal Fusioncited by 161
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- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 2023EmbodiedScan: A Holistic Multi-Modal 3D Perception Suite Towards Embodied AIcited by 146
- 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 138
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
38 more
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- 2023Sparse4D v2: Recurrent Temporal Fusion with Sparse Modelcited by 92
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
- 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
- 2023LoGoNet: Towards Accurate 3D Object Detection with Local-to-Global Cross-Modal Fusioncited by 80
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- 2021Monocular 3D Object Detection: An Extrinsic Parameter Free Approachcited by 69
- 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
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- 2023Pre-trained Trojan Attacks for Visual Recognitioncited by 38
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- 2023Understanding the Robustness of 3D Object Detection with Bird's-Eye-View Representations in Autonomous Drivingcited by 37
- 2023GraphAlign: Enhancing Accurate Feature Alignment by Graph matching for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
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- 2022LaRa: Latents and Rays for Multi-Camera Bird's-Eye-View Semantic Segmentationcited by 29
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50 most cited of 202 All 202 (JSON)
- 2026SARFusion: Scene-Aware Routing Fusion for Robust Camera-LiDAR 3D Object Detection24 Sep 2026
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- 2025DetAny4D: Detect Anything 4D Temporally in a Streaming RGB Video24 Nov 2025
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- 2025DGFusion: Dual-guided Fusion for Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection13 Nov 2025
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- 20253D-MOOD: Lifting 2D to 3D for Monocular Open-Set Object Detection31 Jul 2025
- 2025SpikeSMOKE: Spiking Neural Networks for Monocular 3D Object Detection with Cross-Scale Gated Coding9 Jun 2025
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- 2025Multimodal and Multiview Deep Fusion for Autonomous Marine Navigation2 May 2025
- 2025Depth as Points: Center Point-based Depth Estimation26 Apr 2025
- 2025Weak Cube R-CNN: Weakly Supervised 3D Detection using only 2D Bounding Boxes17 Apr 2025
- 2025GATE3D: Generalized Attention-based Task-synergized Estimation in 3D*15 Apr 2025
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- 2025MonoSOWA: Scalable monocular 3D Object detector Without human Annotations16 Jan 2025
- 2025MORDA: A Synthetic Dataset to Facilitate Adaptation of Object Detectors to Unseen Real-target Domain While Preserving Performance on Real-source Domain9 Jan 2025
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- 2024Open Vocabulary Monocular 3D Object Detection25 Nov 2024
- 2024Monocular Lane Detection Based on Deep Learning: A Survey25 Nov 2024
- 2024V2X-Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with 4D Radar for Cooperative Perception17 Nov 2024
- 2024Fast and Efficient Transformer-based Method for Bird's Eye View Instance Prediction11 Nov 2024
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024Unified Domain Generalization and Adaptation for Multi-View 3D Object Detection29 Oct 2024
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priors25 Oct 2024
- 2024CAMOT: Camera Angle-aware Multi-Object Tracking26 Sep 2024
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- 2024Forging Vision Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving: Challenges, Methodologies, and Opportunitiescited by 24
- 2022Real-time Full-stack Traffic Scene Perception for Autonomous Driving with Roadside Camerascited by 13
- 2025MetAdv: A Unified and Interactive Adversarial Testing Platform for Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2025MetAdv: A Unified and Interactive Adversarial Testing Platform for Autonomous Driving4 Aug 2025
- 2024Forging Vision Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving: Challenges, Methodologies, and Opportunities16 Jan 2024
- 2022Real-time Full-stack Traffic Scene Perception for Autonomous Driving with Roadside Cameras20 Jun 2022
- 2026Grounded 3D-Aware Spatial Vision-Language Modelingcited by 1
- 2026Grounded 3D-Aware Spatial Vision-Language Modeling28 May 2026
- 2023Pre-trained Trojan Attacks for Visual Recognitioncited by 38
- 2023Pre-trained Trojan Attacks for Visual Recognition23 Dec 2023
- 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
- 2022Sparse4D: Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Sparse Spatial-Temporal Fusioncited by 161
- 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
- 2021ImVoxelNet: Image to Voxels Projection for Monocular and Multi-View General-Purpose 3D Object Detectioncited by 157
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 2023EmbodiedScan: A Holistic Multi-Modal 3D Perception Suite Towards Embodied AIcited by 146
- 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 138
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
12 most cited of 193 All 193 (JSON)
- 2026SARFusion: Scene-Aware Routing Fusion for Robust Camera-LiDAR 3D Object Detection24 Sep 2026
- 2026Infrastructure-based Monocular 3D Vehicle Localization Framework with Experimental Validation1 Sep 2026
- 2026MAGneT-3D: Monocular and Domain-Generalizable Temporal 3D Detection14 Aug 2026
- 2026RefineAny3D: Depth Refinement as Semantic Alignment for Monocular 3D Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026Framework and Multi-modal Dataset for Roadwork Zone Detection and Geo-localization5 Jul 2026
- 2026A Stereo Visual SLAM System Using Object-Level Motion Estimation and Geometric Filtering Based on Cross Disparity2 Jul 2026
- 2026MonoPRIO: Adaptive Prior Conditioning for Unified Monocular 3D Object Detection14 May 2026
- 2026WildDet3D: Scaling Promptable 3D Detection in the Wild9 Apr 2026
- 2026MoCA3D: Monocular 3D Bounding Box Prediction in the Image Plane20 Mar 2026
- 2026Unified Unsupervised and Sparsely-Supervised 3D Object Detection by Semantic Pseudo-Labeling and Prototype Learning25 Feb 2026
- 2025Diffusion-Based Restoration for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather15 Dec 2025
- 2025VSRD++: Autolabeling for 3D Object Detection via Instance-Aware Volumetric Silhouette Rendering1 Dec 2025
12 newest of 193 All 193 (JSON)