mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimation

arXiv 2002.10111 ↗First posted 24 Feb 2020cs.CVcited by 202

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Abstract (arXiv)

Estimating 3D orientation and translation of objects is essential for infrastructure-less autonomous navigation and driving. In case of monocular vision, successful methods have been mainly based on two ingredients: (i) a network generating 2D region proposals, (ii) a R-CNN structure predicting 3D object pose by utilizing the acquired regions of interest. We argue that the 2D detection network is redundant and introduces non-negligible noise for 3D detection. Hence, we propose a novel 3D object detection method, named SMOKE, in this paper that predicts a 3D bounding box for each detected object by combining a single keypoint estimate with regressed 3D variables. As a second contribution, we propose a multi-step disentangling approach for constructing the 3D bounding box, which significantly improves both training convergence and detection accuracy. In contrast to previous 3D detection techniques, our method does not require complicated pre/post-processing, extra data, and a refinement stage. Despite of its structural simplicity, our proposed SMOKE network outperforms all existing monocular 3D detection methods on the KITTI dataset, giving the best state-of-the-art result on both 3D object detection and Bird's eye view evaluation. The code will be made publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 202 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 38; 2022: 43; 2023: 50; 2024: 31; 2025: 28; 2026: 12.

202 papers.

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  1. 2021DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 655
  2. 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
  3. 2021Is Pseudo-Lidar needed for Monocular 3D Object detection?cited by 248
  4. 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
  5. 2022Sparse4D: Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Sparse Spatial-Temporal Fusioncited by 161
  6. 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
  7. 2021ImVoxelNet: Image to Voxels Projection for Monocular and Multi-View General-Purpose 3D Object Detectioncited by 157
  8. 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
  9. 2023EmbodiedScan: A Holistic Multi-Modal 3D Perception Suite Towards Embodied AIcited by 146
  10. 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 138
  11. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  12. 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
38 more
  1. 2023Benchmarking Robustness of 3D Object Detection to Common Corruptions in Autonomous Drivingcited by 112
  2. 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
  3. 2021FCAF3D: Fully Convolutional Anchor-Free 3D Object Detectioncited by 97
  4. 2023Sparse4D v2: Recurrent Temporal Fusion with Sparse Modelcited by 92
  5. 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
  6. 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
  7. 2023LoGoNet: Towards Accurate 3D Object Detection with Local-to-Global Cross-Modal Fusioncited by 80
  8. 2022Rope3D: TheRoadside Perception Dataset for Autonomous Driving and Monocular 3D Object Detection Taskcited by 79
  9. 2021Monocular 3D Object Detection: An Extrinsic Parameter Free Approachcited by 69
  10. 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
  11. 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  12. 2021Learning Auxiliary Monocular Contexts Helps Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  13. 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
  14. 2022Can Language Understand Depth?cited by 66
  15. 2021Ground-aware Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 65
  16. 2021Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: a Surveycited by 63
  17. 2021OpenPifPaf: Composite Fields for Semantic Keypoint Detection and Spatio-Temporal Associationcited by 55
  18. 2022Polar Parametrization for Vision-based Surround-View 3D Detectioncited by 53
  19. 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 45
  20. 2022ONCE-3DLanes: Building Monocular 3D Lane Detectioncited by 44
  21. 2021Single-Stage Keypoint-Based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation from an RGB Imagecited by 42
  22. 2021M3DSSD: Monocular 3D Single Stage Object Detectorcited by 39
  23. 2022Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth from Motioncited by 38
  24. 2023Pre-trained Trojan Attacks for Visual Recognitioncited by 38
  25. 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 38
  26. 2022MonoGround: Detecting Monocular 3D Objects from the Groundcited by 37
  27. 2023Understanding the Robustness of 3D Object Detection with Bird's-Eye-View Representations in Autonomous Drivingcited by 37
  28. 2023GraphAlign: Enhancing Accurate Feature Alignment by Graph matching for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
  29. 2025Detect Anything 3D in the Wildcited by 32
  30. 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
  31. 2021DSP-SLAM: Object Oriented SLAM with Deep Shape Priorscited by 30
  32. 2022LaRa: Latents and Rays for Multi-Camera Bird's-Eye-View Semantic Segmentationcited by 29
  33. 2023MVFusion: Multi-View 3D Object Detection with Semantic-aligned Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 29
  34. 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
  35. 2021IPS300+: a Challenging Multimodal Dataset for Intersection Perception Systemcited by 26
  36. 2022Homogeneous Multi-modal Feature Fusion and Interaction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 26
  37. 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
  38. 2022Are We Ready for Vision-Centric Driving Streaming Perception? The ASAP Benchmarkcited by 24

50 most cited of 202 All 202 (JSON)