mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detection

arXiv 2108.11127 ↗First posted 25 Aug 2021cs.CVcited by 87

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing deep learning-based approaches for monocular 3D object detection in autonomous driving often model the object as a rotated 3D cuboid while the object's geometric shape has been ignored. In this work, we propose an approach for incorporating the shape-aware 2D/3D constraints into the 3D detection framework. Specifically, we employ the deep neural network to learn distinguished 2D keypoints in the 2D image domain and regress their corresponding 3D coordinates in the local 3D object coordinate first. Then the 2D/3D geometric constraints are built by these correspondences for each object to boost the detection performance. For generating the ground truth of 2D/3D keypoints, an automatic model-fitting approach has been proposed by fitting the deformed 3D object model and the object mask in the 2D image. The proposed framework has been verified on the public KITTI dataset and the experimental results demonstrate that by using additional geometrical constraints the detection performance has been significantly improved as compared to the baseline method. More importantly, the proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance with real time. Data and code will be available at https://github.com/zongdai/AutoShape

Key facts. Cited by 87 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Aug 2021.

Builds on

38 of 52 references.

References · 38

  1. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,715
  2. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  3. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,175
  4. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 941
  5. 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
  6. 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
  7. 2019Soft Rasterizer: A Differentiable Renderer for Image-based 3D Reasoningcited by 420
  8. 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 327
  9. 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 278
  10. 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 252
  11. 2020SMOKE: Single-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detection via Keypoint Estimationcited by 204
  12. 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 185
26 more
  1. 2019Learning Depth-Guided Convolutions for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 169
  2. 2019Stereo R-CNN based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 163
  3. 2020MonoPair: Monocular 3D Object Detection Using Pairwise Spatial Relationshipscited by 153
  4. 2020RTM3D: Real-time Monocular 3D Detection from Object Keypoints for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
  5. 2021Delving into Localization Errors for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 140
  6. 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
  7. 2019IoU Loss for 2D/3D Object Detectioncited by 128
  8. 2018ROI-10D: Monocular Lifting of 2D Detection to 6D Pose and Metric Shapecited by 123
  9. 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pseudo-LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 113
  10. 2020Rethinking Pseudo-LiDAR Representationcited by 109
  11. 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
  12. 2019Monocular 3D Object Detection Leveraging Accurate Proposals and Shape Reconstructioncited by 106
  13. 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95
  14. 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
  15. 2021MonoRUn: Monocular 3D Object Detection by Reconstruction and Uncertainty Propagationcited by 82
  16. 2020End-to-End Pseudo-LiDAR for Image-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 80
  17. 2019Autolabeling 3D Objects with Differentiable Rendering of SDF Shape Priorscited by 74
  18. 2021Monocular 3D Object Detection: An Extrinsic Parameter Free Approachcited by 69
  19. 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  20. 2021Ground-aware Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 65
  21. 2018ApolloCar3D: A Large 3D Car Instance Understanding Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
  22. 2021YOLOStereo3D: A Step Back to 2D for Efficient Stereo 3D Detectioncited by 34
  23. 2019RefinedMPL: Refined Monocular PseudoLiDAR for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 23
  24. 2019Task-Aware Monocular Depth Estimation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 22
  25. 2021IAFA: Instance-aware Feature Aggregation for 3D Object Detection from a Single Imagecited by 15
  26. 2020PerMO: Perceiving More at Once from a Single Image for Autonomous Drivingcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 28; 2023: 22; 2024: 16; 2025: 14; 2026: 3.

87 papers.

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  1. 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 713
  2. 2022BEVDet4D: Exploit Temporal Cues in Multi-camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 341
  3. 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 336
  4. 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
  5. 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 178
  6. 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 160
  7. 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 86
  8. 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
  9. 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
  10. 2022Polar Parametrization for Vision-based Surround-View 3D Detectioncited by 53
  11. 2022Benchmarking the Robustness of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 50
  12. 2021EPNet++: Cascade Bi-directional Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
38 more
  1. 2022DEVIANT: Depth EquiVarIAnt NeTwork for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  2. 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 46
  3. 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
  4. 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 39
  5. 2022MonoGround: Detecting Monocular 3D Objects from the Groundcited by 37
  6. 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 36
  7. 2022Pseudo-Stereo for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
  8. 2022MonoJSG: Joint Semantic and Geometric Cost Volume for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
  9. 2023Fully Sparse Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  10. 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
  11. 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
  12. 2022OPA-3D: Occlusion-Aware Pixel-Wise Aggregation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
  13. 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  14. 2022Boosting 3D Object Detection by Simulating Multimodality on Point Cloudscited by 22
  15. 2023MonoGAE: Roadside Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground-Aware Embeddingscited by 22
  16. 2024OmniNOCS: A unified NOCS dataset and model for 3D lifting of 2D objectscited by 22
  17. 2023MonoPGC: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Pixel Geometry Contextscited by 21
  18. 2023MonoLSS: Learnable Sample Selection For Monocular 3D Detectioncited by 19
  19. 2023MonoATT: Online Monocular 3D Object Detection with Adaptive Token Transformercited by 18
  20. 2024MonoMAE: Enhancing Monocular 3D Detection through Depth-Aware Masked Autoencoderscited by 16
  21. 2023SupFusion: Supervised LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
  22. 2021SGM3D: Stereo Guided Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 13
  23. 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 13
  24. 2024SeaBird: Segmentation in Bird's View with Dice Loss Improves Monocular 3D Detection of Large Objectscited by 12
  25. 2025RSAR: Restricted State Angle Resolver and Rotated SAR Benchmarkcited by 12
  26. 2023DORT: Modeling Dynamic Objects in Recurrent for Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 11
  27. 2024Decoupled Pseudo-labeling for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 11
  28. 2024Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Detection with a Single-View Imagecited by 10
  29. 2024MonoTAKD: Teaching Assistant Knowledge Distillation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
  30. 2024MonoWAD: Weather-Adaptive Diffusion Model for Robust Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
  31. 2025Unleashing the Power of Chain-of-Prediction for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
  32. 2023MoGDE: Boosting Mobile Monocular 3D Object Detection with Ground Depth Estimationcited by 9
  33. 2023SSD-MonoDETR: Supervised Scale-aware Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  34. 2024SDFit: 3D Object Pose and Shape by Fitting a Morphable SDF to a Single Imagecited by 9
  35. 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  36. 2023Monocular 3D Object Detection with Bounding Box Denoising in 3D by Perceivercited by 8
  37. 2022Attention-Based Depth Distillation with 3D-Aware Positional Encoding for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  38. 2023CAROM Air -- Vehicle Localization and Traffic Scene Reconstruction from Aerial Videoscited by 7

50 most cited of 87 All 87 (JSON)