RTM3D: Real-time Monocular 3D Detection from Object Keypoints for Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this work, we propose an efficient and accurate monocular 3D detection framework in single shot. Most successful 3D detectors take the projection constraint from the 3D bounding box to the 2D box as an important component. Four edges of a 2D box provide only four constraints and the performance deteriorates dramatically with the small error of the 2D detector. Different from these approaches, our method predicts the nine perspective keypoints of a 3D bounding box in image space, and then utilize the geometric relationship of 3D and 2D perspectives to recover the dimension, location, and orientation in 3D space. In this method, the properties of the object can be predicted stably even when the estimation of keypoints is very noisy, which enables us to obtain fast detection speed with a small architecture. Training our method only uses the 3D properties of the object without the need for external networks or supervision data. Our method is the first real-time system for monocular image 3D detection while achieves state-of-the-art performance on the KITTI benchmark. Code will be released at https://github.com/Banconxuan/RTM3D.
Key facts. Cited by 150 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 45; 2022: 40; 2023: 45; 2024: 11; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 444
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2021PV-RCNN++: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction With Local Vector Representation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 232
- 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 190
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
- 2021Multimodal Virtual Point 3D Detectioncited by 166
- 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
- 2021ImVoxelNet: Image to Voxels Projection for Monocular and Multi-View General-Purpose 3D Object Detectioncited by 157
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
- 2024Editable Scene Simulation for Autonomous Driving via Collaborative LLM-Agentscited by 91
38 more
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
- 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
- 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
- 2021Geometry-based Distance Decomposition for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 83
- 2021MonoRUn: Monocular 3D Object Detection by Reconstruction and Uncertainty Propagationcited by 82
- 2022Rope3D: TheRoadside Perception Dataset for Autonomous Driving and Monocular 3D Object Detection Taskcited by 79
- 2023EPro-PnP: Generalized End-to-End Probabilistic Perspective-n-Points for Monocular Object Pose Estimationcited by 79
- 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 2021Learning Auxiliary Monocular Contexts Helps Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
- 2021Ground-aware Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 65
- 2021Progressive Coordinate Transforms for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 52
- 2021EPNet++: Cascade Bi-directional Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
- 2022DEVIANT: Depth EquiVarIAnt NeTwork for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
- 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 45
- 2021M3DSSD: Monocular 3D Single Stage Object Detectorcited by 39
- 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
- 2023CAPE: Camera View Position Embedding for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
- 2022Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth from Motioncited by 38
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
- 2021YOLOStereo3D: A Step Back to 2D for Efficient Stereo 3D Detectioncited by 34
- 2021The Devil is in the Task: Exploiting Reciprocal Appearance-Localization Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2023GraphAlign: Enhancing Accurate Feature Alignment by Graph matching for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
- 2022MonoJSG: Joint Semantic and Geometric Cost Volume for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2021Lidar Point Cloud Guided Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
- 2023MVFusion: Multi-View 3D Object Detection with Semantic-aligned Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 29
- 2022Untargeted Backdoor Attack against Object Detectioncited by 28
- 2022LET-3D-AP: Longitudinal Error Tolerant 3D Average Precision for Camera-Only 3D Detectioncited by 27
- 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2021IPS300+: a Challenging Multimodal Dataset for Intersection Perception Systemcited by 26
- 2024ImageNet3D: Towards General-Purpose Object-Level 3D Understandingcited by 25
- 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
- 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2022Aerial Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
50 most cited of 150 All 150 (JSON)
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026MonoSAOD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Sparsely Annotated Label2 Apr 2026
- 2026MoCA3D: Monocular 3D Bounding Box Prediction in the Image Plane20 Mar 2026
- 2025All You Need for Object Detection: From Pixels, Points, and Prompts to Next-Gen Fusion and Multimodal LLMs/VLMs in Autonomous Vehicles30 Oct 2025
- 2025Online 3D Multi-Camera Perception through Robust 2D Tracking and Depth-based Late Aggregation12 Sep 2025
- 2025MonoPlace3D: Learning 3D-Aware Object Placement for 3D Monocular Detection9 Apr 2025
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Models17 Mar 2025
- 2025A Light Perspective for 3D Object Detection10 Mar 2025
- 2025MonoLite3D: Lightweight 3D Object Properties Estimation4 Mar 2025
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024Pedestrian motion prediction evaluation for urban autonomous driving22 Oct 2024
- 2024LLMI3D: MLLM-based 3D Perception from a Single 2D Image14 Aug 2024
38 more
- 2024ImageNet3D: Towards General-Purpose Object-Level 3D Understanding13 Jun 2024
- 2024ProMotion: Prototypes As Motion Learners7 Jun 2024
- 2024MonoDETRNext: Next-Generation Accurate and Efficient Monocular 3D Object Detector24 May 2024
- 2024Multi-View Attentive Contextualization for Multi-View 3D Object Detection20 May 2024
- 2024Decoupled Pseudo-labeling for Semi-Supervised Monocular 3D Object Detection26 Mar 2024
- 2024Editable Scene Simulation for Autonomous Driving via Collaborative LLM-Agents8 Feb 2024
- 2024You Only Look Bottom-Up for Monocular 3D Object Detection27 Jan 2024
- 2024VoxelNextFusion: A Simple, Unified and Effective Voxel Fusion Framework for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection5 Jan 2024
- 2023AccidentGPT: Accident Analysis and Prevention from V2X Environmental Perception with Multi-modal Large Model20 Dec 2023
- 20233D Copy-Paste: Physically Plausible Object Insertion for Monocular 3D Detection8 Dec 2023
- 2023TAMPAR: Visual Tampering Detection for Parcel Logistics in Postal Supply Chains6 Nov 2023
- 2023GUPNet++: Geometry Uncertainty Propagation Network for Monocular 3D Object Detection24 Oct 2023
- 2023Fuzzy-NMS: Improving 3D Object Detection with Fuzzy Classification in NMS21 Oct 2023
- 2023GraphAlign: Enhancing Accurate Feature Alignment by Graph matching for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection12 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Fair and Comprehensive Comparisons for Image-Based 3D Object Detection9 Oct 2023
- 2023Every Dataset Counts: Scaling up Monocular 3D Object Detection with Joint Datasets Training2 Oct 2023
- 2023Polygon Intersection-over-Union Loss for Viewpoint-Agnostic Monocular 3D Vehicle Detection13 Sep 2023
- 2023S3-MonoDETR: Supervised Shape&Scale-perceptive Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detection2 Sep 2023
- 2023The Interstate-24 3D Dataset: a new benchmark for 3D multi-camera vehicle tracking28 Aug 2023
- 2023Perspective-aware Convolution for Monocular 3D Object Detection24 Aug 2023
- 2023Delving into Motion-Aware Matching for Monocular 3D Object Tracking22 Aug 2023
- 2023ImGeoNet: Image-induced Geometry-aware Voxel Representation for Multi-view 3D Object Detection17 Aug 2023
- 2023FocusFlow: Boosting Key-Points Optical Flow Estimation for Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2023
- 2023MonoNext: A 3D Monocular Object Detection with ConvNext1 Aug 2023
- 2023KVN: Keypoints Voting Network with Differentiable RANSAC for Stereo Pose Estimation21 Jul 2023
- 2023MLF-DET: Multi-Level Fusion for Cross-Modal 3D Object Detection18 Jul 2023
- 2023SVDM: Single-View Diffusion Model for Pseudo-Stereo 3D Object Detection5 Jul 2023
- 2023Understanding Depth Map Progressively: Adaptive Distance Interval Separation for Monocular 3d Object Detection19 Jun 2023
- 2023Neural Textured Deformable Meshes for Robust Analysis-by-Synthesis31 May 2023
- 2023CAROM Air -- Vehicle Localization and Traffic Scene Reconstruction from Aerial Videos31 May 2023
- 2023View-to-Label: Multi-View Consistency for Self-Supervised 3D Object Detection29 May 2023
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localization28 May 2023
- 2023Selective Communication for Cooperative Perception in End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 May 2023
- 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detection25 May 2023
- 2023MonoTDP: Twin Depth Perception for Monocular 3D Object Detection in Adverse Scenes18 May 2023
- 2023SSD-MonoDETR: Supervised Scale-aware Deformable Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detection12 May 2023
- 2023Parcel3D: Shape Reconstruction from Single RGB Images for Applications in Transportation Logistics18 Apr 2023
- 2023OOD-CV-v2: An extended Benchmark for Robustness to Out-of-Distribution Shifts of Individual Nuisances in Natural Images17 Apr 2023
50 newest of 150 All 150 (JSON)
- 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 444
- 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
- 2021PV-RCNN++: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction With Local Vector Representation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 232
- 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 190
- 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
- 2021Multimodal Virtual Point 3D Detectioncited by 166
- 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
- 2021ImVoxelNet: Image to Voxels Projection for Monocular and Multi-View General-Purpose 3D Object Detectioncited by 157
- 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
- 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
12 most cited of 145 All 145 (JSON)
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026MonoSAOD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Sparsely Annotated Label2 Apr 2026
- 2026MoCA3D: Monocular 3D Bounding Box Prediction in the Image Plane20 Mar 2026
- 2025Online 3D Multi-Camera Perception through Robust 2D Tracking and Depth-based Late Aggregation12 Sep 2025
- 2025MonoPlace3D: Learning 3D-Aware Object Placement for 3D Monocular Detection9 Apr 2025
- 2025MonoCT: Overcoming Monocular 3D Detection Domain Shift with Consistent Teacher Models17 Mar 2025
- 2025A Light Perspective for 3D Object Detection10 Mar 2025
- 2025MonoLite3D: Lightweight 3D Object Properties Estimation4 Mar 2025
- 2024Efficient Feature Aggregation and Scale-Aware Regression for Monocular 3D Object Detection5 Nov 2024
- 2024Pedestrian motion prediction evaluation for urban autonomous driving22 Oct 2024
- 2024LLMI3D: MLLM-based 3D Perception from a Single 2D Image14 Aug 2024
- 2024ImageNet3D: Towards General-Purpose Object-Level 3D Understanding13 Jun 2024
12 newest of 145 All 145 (JSON)