mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

RTM3D: Real-time Monocular 3D Detection from Object Keypoints for Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2001.03343 ↗First posted 10 Jan 2020cs.CV cs.RO eess.IVcited by 150

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this work, we propose an efficient and accurate monocular 3D detection framework in single shot. Most successful 3D detectors take the projection constraint from the 3D bounding box to the 2D box as an important component. Four edges of a 2D box provide only four constraints and the performance deteriorates dramatically with the small error of the 2D detector. Different from these approaches, our method predicts the nine perspective keypoints of a 3D bounding box in image space, and then utilize the geometric relationship of 3D and 2D perspectives to recover the dimension, location, and orientation in 3D space. In this method, the properties of the object can be predicted stably even when the estimation of keypoints is very noisy, which enables us to obtain fast detection speed with a small architecture. Training our method only uses the 3D properties of the object without the need for external networks or supervision data. Our method is the first real-time system for monocular image 3D detection while achieves state-of-the-art performance on the KITTI benchmark. Code will be released at https://github.com/Banconxuan/RTM3D.

Key facts. Cited by 150 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Jan 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 45; 2022: 40; 2023: 45; 2024: 11; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.

150 papers.

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  1. 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 444
  2. 2021Categorical Depth Distribution Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 326
  3. 2021PV-RCNN++: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction With Local Vector Representation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 232
  4. 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 190
  5. 2021Objects are Different: Flexible Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 184
  6. 2021Multimodal Virtual Point 3D Detectioncited by 166
  7. 2022Omni3D: A Large Benchmark and Model for 3D Object Detection in the Wildcited by 159
  8. 2021ImVoxelNet: Image to Voxels Projection for Monocular and Multi-View General-Purpose 3D Object Detectioncited by 157
  9. 2021Geometry Uncertainty Projection Network for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 155
  10. 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
  11. 2022MonoDTR: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth-Aware Transformercited by 108
  12. 2024Editable Scene Simulation for Autonomous Driving via Collaborative LLM-Agentscited by 91
38 more
  1. 2021AutoShape: Real-Time Shape-Aware Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 87
  2. 2022MonoDETR: Depth-guided Transformer for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 85
  3. 2021Depth-conditioned Dynamic Message Propagation for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 84
  4. 2021Geometry-based Distance Decomposition for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 83
  5. 2021MonoRUn: Monocular 3D Object Detection by Reconstruction and Uncertainty Propagationcited by 82
  6. 2022Rope3D: TheRoadside Perception Dataset for Autonomous Driving and Monocular 3D Object Detection Taskcited by 79
  7. 2023EPro-PnP: Generalized End-to-End Probabilistic Perspective-n-Points for Monocular Object Pose Estimationcited by 79
  8. 2022MonoDistill: Learning Spatial Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 68
  9. 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  10. 2021Learning Auxiliary Monocular Contexts Helps Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
  11. 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
  12. 2021Ground-aware Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 65
  13. 2021Progressive Coordinate Transforms for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 52
  14. 2021EPNet++: Cascade Bi-directional Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 49
  15. 2022DEVIANT: Depth EquiVarIAnt NeTwork for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 48
  16. 2022Diversity Matters: Fully Exploiting Depth Clues for Reliable Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 45
  17. 2021M3DSSD: Monocular 3D Single Stage Object Detectorcited by 39
  18. 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
  19. 2023CAPE: Camera View Position Embedding for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
  20. 2022Monocular 3D Object Detection with Depth from Motioncited by 38
  21. 2023Learning Occupancy for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 35
  22. 2021YOLOStereo3D: A Step Back to 2D for Efficient Stereo 3D Detectioncited by 34
  23. 2021The Devil is in the Task: Exploiting Reciprocal Appearance-Localization Features for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
  24. 2023GraphAlign: Enhancing Accurate Feature Alignment by Graph matching for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 34
  25. 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
  26. 2022MonoJSG: Joint Semantic and Geometric Cost Volume for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
  27. 2022Time3D: End-to-End Joint Monocular 3D Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
  28. 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
  29. 2021Lidar Point Cloud Guided Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 29
  30. 2023MVFusion: Multi-View 3D Object Detection with Semantic-aligned Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 29
  31. 2022Untargeted Backdoor Attack against Object Detectioncited by 28
  32. 2022LET-3D-AP: Longitudinal Error Tolerant 3D Average Precision for Camera-Only 3D Detectioncited by 27
  33. 2022Densely Constrained Depth Estimator for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 27
  34. 2021IPS300+: a Challenging Multimodal Dataset for Intersection Perception Systemcited by 26
  35. 2024ImageNet3D: Towards General-Purpose Object-Level 3D Understandingcited by 25
  36. 2022Homography Loss for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 24
  37. 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  38. 2022Aerial Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23

50 most cited of 150 All 150 (JSON)