MOTChallenge: A Benchmark for Single-Camera Multiple Target Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Standardized benchmarks have been crucial in pushing the performance of computer vision algorithms, especially since the advent of deep learning. Although leaderboards should not be over-claimed, they often provide the most objective measure of performance and are therefore important guides for research. We present MOTChallenge, a benchmark for single-camera Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) launched in late 2014, to collect existing and new data, and create a framework for the standardized evaluation of multiple object tracking methods. The benchmark is focused on multiple people tracking, since pedestrians are by far the most studied object in the tracking community, with applications ranging from robot navigation to self-driving cars. This paper collects the first three releases of the benchmark: (i) MOT15, along with numerous state-of-the-art results that were submitted in the last years, (ii) MOT16, which contains new challenging videos, and (iii) MOT17, that extends MOT16 sequences with more precise labels and evaluates tracking performance on three different object detectors. The second and third release not only offers a significant increase in the number of labeled boxes but also provide labels for multiple object classes beside pedestrians, as well as the level of visibility for every single object of interest. We finally provide a categorization of state-of-the-art trackers and a broad error analysis. This will help newcomers understand the related work and research trends in the MOT community, and hopefully shed some light on potential future research directions.
Key facts. Cited by 134 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 15 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 28; 2023: 20; 2024: 25; 2025: 25; 2026: 20.
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- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2022In Defense of Online Models for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 97
- 2021STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixelcited by 72
- 2023General Object Foundation Model for Images and Videos at Scalecited by 71
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 64
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2022Waymo Open Dataset: Panoramic Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 57
- 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
38 more
- 2021Opening up Open-World Trackingcited by 50
- 2022Dynamic 3D Scene Analysis by Point Cloud Accumulationcited by 47
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Trackercited by 44
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2022Tracking Objects as Pixel-wise Distributionscited by 36
- 2021LMGP: Lifted Multicut Meets Geometry Projections for Multi-Camera Multi-Object Trackingcited by 34
- 2022Forecasting from LiDAR via Future Object Detectioncited by 28
- 2022Quo Vadis: Is Trajectory Forecasting the Key Towards Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 28
- 2022Visual Object Tracking in First Person Visioncited by 25
- 2022Is an Object-Centric Video Representation Beneficial for Transfer?cited by 24
- 2021Tracking People with 3D Representationscited by 22
- 2024NetTrack: Tracking Highly Dynamic Objects with a Netcited by 22
- 2021Is First Person Vision Challenging for Object Tracking?cited by 21
- 2026LocateAnything: Fast and High-Quality Vision-Language Grounding with Parallel Box Decodingcited by 20
- 2022DeltaCNN: End-to-End CNN Inference of Sparse Frame Differences in Videoscited by 18
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentationcited by 16
- 2021Tracking People by Predicting 3D Appearance, Location & Posecited by 15
- 2022Detection Recovery in Online Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Graph Trackercited by 15
- 2024BoostTrack++: using tracklet information to detect more objects in multiple object trackingcited by 15
- 2023TrackFlow: Multi-Object Tracking with Normalizing Flowscited by 13
- 2024BioDrone: A Bionic Drone-based Single Object Tracking Benchmark for Robust Visioncited by 13
- 20233D-MuPPET: 3D Multi-Pigeon Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 12
- 2022Beyond SOT: Tracking Multiple Generic Objects at Oncecited by 11
- 2023Towards More Practical Group Activity Detection: A New Benchmark and Modelcited by 11
- 2022SOTVerse: A User-defined Task Space of Single Object Trackingcited by 10
- 2023Dense Video Object Captioning from Disjoint Supervisioncited by 10
- 2023Collaborative Tracking Learning for Frame-Rate-Insensitive Multi-Object Trackingcited by 10
- 2024Advanced computer vision for extracting georeferenced vehicle trajectories from drone imagerycited by 10
- 2021Local Metrics for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2024INST-IT: Boosting Instance Understanding via Explicit Visual Prompt Instruction Tuningcited by 8
- 2023Lidar Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking without Bells and Whistlescited by 7
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrowcited by 7
- 2024Ego3DT: Tracking Every 3D Object in Ego-centric Videoscited by 7
- 2021Next Generation Multitarget Trackers: Random Finite Set Methods vs Transformer-based Deep Learningcited by 6
- 2022Towards Frame Rate Agnostic Multi-Object Trackingcited by 6
- 2023Tracking Skiers from the Top to the Bottomcited by 6
- 2025Zero-Shot 4D Lidar Panoptic Segmentationcited by 6
50 most cited of 134 All 134 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Leaderboard Scores: A Deployment-Focused Protocol for Interpretable Tracking Evaluation in Pedestrian-Centric Environments1 Oct 2026
- 2026ByteTraX: Enhancing the ByteTrack Architecture with Optimised Thresholding29 Sep 2026
- 2026UGO: Unified Architecture for General Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation29 Sep 2026
- 2026LVMT: Video Mask Transformer for Long-term Video Segmentation28 Sep 2026
- 2026VastMAT: A Large-Scale Multi-Category Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking28 Sep 2026
- 2026Identity-Centric Video Summarization via Hierarchical Fusion of Biometric, Appearance, and 3D Body Features22 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Survey: A Systematic Empirical Study of Detection and Association in Visual MOT14 Sep 2026
- 2026GenTrack3: Hybrid Stochastic-Deterministic Online Multi-Object Tracking with Cluster-Aware Association10 Aug 2026
- 2026TrajLoc: Trajectory-Attention Localization for Multi-Object Motion Control1 Jul 2026
- 2026PS-MOT: Cultivating Instance Awareness from Point Seeds for Multi-Object Tracking29 Jun 2026
- 2026Polycepta: Object-Centric Appearance Estimation for Multi-Object Tracking22 Jun 2026
- 2026Cross-View Urban Traffic Dataset: Drone-Supervised Ground Truth for Monocular Bird's-Eye View Localization5 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Face versus Body Tracking for Human-Robot Interaction: An Egocentric Dataset2 Jun 2026
- 2026Mining Multi-Modality Spatio-Temporal Cues for Video Important Person Identification27 May 2026
- 2026LocateAnything: Fast and High-Quality Vision-Language Grounding with Parallel Box Decoding26 May 2026
- 2026GateMOT: Q-Gated Attention for Dense Object Tracking29 Apr 2026
- 2026IndoorCrowd: A Multi-Scene Dataset for Human Detection, Segmentation, and Tracking with an Automated Annotation Pipeline2 Apr 2026
- 2026A comprehensive overview of deep learning models for object detection from videos/images21 Jan 2026
- 2026Video Individual Counting and Tracking from Moving Drones: A Benchmark and Methods18 Jan 2026
- 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking5 Jan 2026
- 2025Tracking by Predicting 3-D Gaussians Over Time27 Dec 2025
- 2025Learning Association via Track-Detection Matching for Multi-Object Tracking26 Dec 2025
- 2025Team-Aware Football Player Tracking with SAM: An Appearance-Based Approach to Occlusion Recovery9 Dec 2025
- 2025SelfMOTR: Revisiting MOTR with Self-Generating Detection Priors25 Nov 2025
- 2025SatSAM2: Motion-Constrained Video Object Tracking in Satellite Imagery using Promptable SAM2 and Kalman Priors23 Nov 2025
- 2025SiLVi: Simple Interface for Labeling Video Interactions5 Nov 2025
- 2025GenTrack2: An Improved Hybrid Approach for Multi-Object Tracking28 Oct 2025
- 2025GenTrack: A New Generation of Multi-Object Tracking28 Oct 2025
- 2025SVAG-Bench: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Multi-Instance Spatio-temporal Video Action Grounding14 Oct 2025
- 2025An HMM-based framework for identity-aware long-term multi-object tracking from sparse and uncertain identification: use case on long-term tracking in livestock12 Sep 2025
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Tracking2 Sep 2025
- 2025FastTracker: Real-Time and Accurate Visual Tracking20 Aug 2025
- 2025Model-based Multi-object Visual Tracking: Identification and Standard Model Limitations19 Aug 2025
- 2025Glance-MCMT: A General MCMT Framework with Glance Initialization and Progressive Association14 Jul 2025
- 2025One Graph to Track Them All: Dynamic GNNs for Single- and Multi-View Tracking11 Jul 2025
- 2025Online Navigation Refinement: Achieving Lane-Level Guidance by Associating Standard-Definition and Online Perception Maps10 Jul 2025
- 2025When Trackers Date Fish: A Benchmark and Framework for Underwater Multiple Fish Tracking8 Jul 2025
- 2025Trajectory Prediction in Dynamic Object Tracking: A Critical Study24 Jun 2025
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Object Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey from Foundations to State-of-the-Art16 Jun 2025
- 2025No Train Yet Gain: Towards Generic Multi-Object Tracking in Sports and Beyond2 Jun 2025
- 2025Progressive Scaling Visual Object Tracking26 May 2025
- 2025From Broadcast to Minimap: Achieving State-of-the-Art SoccerNet Game State Reconstruction8 Apr 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot 4D Lidar Panoptic Segmentation1 Apr 2025
- 2025MEX: Memory-efficient Approach to Referring Multi-Object Tracking19 Feb 2025
- 2025YOLO11-JDE: Fast and Accurate Multi-Object Tracking with Self-Supervised Re-ID23 Jan 2025
- 2024Tell Me What to Track: Infusing Robust Language Guidance for Enhanced Referring Multi-Object Tracking17 Dec 2024
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentation12 Dec 2024
- 2024TGOSPA Metric Parameters Selection and Evaluation for Visual Multi-object Tracking11 Dec 2024
- 2024INST-IT: Boosting Instance Understanding via Explicit Visual Prompt Instruction Tuning4 Dec 2024
- 2024Vision Technologies with Applications in Traffic Surveillance Systems: A Holistic Survey30 Nov 2024
50 newest of 134 All 134 (JSON)
- 2026LocateAnything: Fast and High-Quality Vision-Language Grounding with Parallel Box Decodingcited by 20
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentationcited by 16
- 2024INST-IT: Boosting Instance Understanding via Explicit Visual Prompt Instruction Tuningcited by 8
- 2026LocateAnything: Fast and High-Quality Vision-Language Grounding with Parallel Box Decoding26 May 2026
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentation12 Dec 2024
- 2024INST-IT: Boosting Instance Understanding via Explicit Visual Prompt Instruction Tuning4 Dec 2024
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2022In Defense of Online Models for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 97
- 2021STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixelcited by 72
- 2023General Object Foundation Model for Images and Videos at Scalecited by 71
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 64
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2022Waymo Open Dataset: Panoramic Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 57
- 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
12 most cited of 130 All 130 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Leaderboard Scores: A Deployment-Focused Protocol for Interpretable Tracking Evaluation in Pedestrian-Centric Environments1 Oct 2026
- 2026ByteTraX: Enhancing the ByteTrack Architecture with Optimised Thresholding29 Sep 2026
- 2026UGO: Unified Architecture for General Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation29 Sep 2026
- 2026LVMT: Video Mask Transformer for Long-term Video Segmentation28 Sep 2026
- 2026VastMAT: A Large-Scale Multi-Category Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking28 Sep 2026
- 2026Identity-Centric Video Summarization via Hierarchical Fusion of Biometric, Appearance, and 3D Body Features22 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond the Survey: A Systematic Empirical Study of Detection and Association in Visual MOT14 Sep 2026
- 2026GenTrack3: Hybrid Stochastic-Deterministic Online Multi-Object Tracking with Cluster-Aware Association10 Aug 2026
- 2026TrajLoc: Trajectory-Attention Localization for Multi-Object Motion Control1 Jul 2026
- 2026PS-MOT: Cultivating Instance Awareness from Point Seeds for Multi-Object Tracking29 Jun 2026
- 2026Polycepta: Object-Centric Appearance Estimation for Multi-Object Tracking22 Jun 2026
- 2026Cross-View Urban Traffic Dataset: Drone-Supervised Ground Truth for Monocular Bird's-Eye View Localization5 Jun 2026
12 newest of 130 All 130 (JSON)