Gaze360: Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
Understanding where people are looking is an informative social cue. In this work, we present Gaze360, a large-scale gaze-tracking dataset and method for robust 3D gaze estimation in unconstrained images. Our dataset consists of 238 subjects in indoor and outdoor environments with labelled 3D gaze across a wide range of head poses and distances. It is the largest publicly available dataset of its kind by both subject and variety, made possible by a simple and efficient collection method. Our proposed 3D gaze model extends existing models to include temporal information and to directly output an estimate of gaze uncertainty. We demonstrate the benefits of our model via an ablation study, and show its generalization performance via a cross-dataset evaluation against other recent gaze benchmark datasets. We furthermore propose a simple self-supervised approach to improve cross-dataset domain adaptation. Finally, we demonstrate an application of our model for estimating customer attention in a supermarket setting. Our dataset and models are available at http://gaze360.csail.mit.edu .
Key facts. Cited by 173 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 29; 2023: 33; 2024: 36; 2025: 29; 2026: 31.
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- 2021Ego4D: Around the World in 3,000 Hours of Egocentric Videocited by 1,530
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
- 2021Gaze Estimation using Transformercited by 68
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
- 2022L2CS-Net: Fine-Grained Gaze Estimation in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 65
- 2021PureGaze: Purifying Gaze Feature for Generalizable Gaze Estimationcited by 54
- 2022In the Eye of Transformer: Global-Local Correlation for Egocentric Gaze Estimationcited by 51
- 2021Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Outlier-guided Collaborative Adaptationcited by 42
- 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2023ChildPlay: A New Benchmark for Understanding Children's Gaze Behaviourcited by 35
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
38 more
- 2023A Modular Multimodal Architecture for Gaze Target Prediction: Application to Privacy-Sensitive Settingscited by 31
- 2021Weakly-Supervised Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimationcited by 28
- 2023Object-aware Gaze Target Detectioncited by 27
- 2023Retina : Low-Power Eye Tracking with Event Camera and Spiking Hardwarecited by 27
- 2022Multimodal Across Domains Gaze Target Detectioncited by 22
- 2022Patch-level Gaze Distribution Prediction for Gaze Followingcited by 22
- 2021Learning Triadic Belief Dynamics in Nonverbal Communication from Videoscited by 17
- 2022GazeOnce: Real-Time Multi-Person Gaze Estimationcited by 17
- 2024WTS: A Pedestrian-Centric Traffic Video Dataset for Fine-grained Spatial-Temporal Understandingcited by 17
- 2022Understanding Embodied Reference with Touch-Line Transformercited by 16
- 2023End-to-end Video Gaze Estimation via Capturing Head-face-eye Spatial-temporal Interaction Contextcited by 14
- 2024What Do You See in Vehicle? Comprehensive Vision Solution for In-Vehicle Gaze Estimationcited by 14
- 2024Nonverbal Interaction Detectioncited by 14
- 2022Learning-by-Novel-View-Synthesis for Full-Face Appearance-Based 3D Gaze Estimationcited by 13
- 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devicescited by 13
- 2024CLIP-Gaze: Towards General Gaze Estimation via Visual-Linguistic Modelcited by 13
- 2024Spatio-Temporal Attention and Gaussian Processes for Personalized Video Gaze Estimationcited by 12
- 20223DGazeNet: Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Weak-Supervision from Synthetic Viewscited by 11
- 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimationcited by 11
- 2021MTGLS: Multi-Task Gaze Estimation with Limited Supervisioncited by 10
- 2022Free-HeadGAN: Neural Talking Head Synthesis with Explicit Gaze Controlcited by 10
- 2022NeRF-Gaze: A Head-Eye Redirection Parametric Model for Gaze Estimationcited by 10
- 2023Rotation-Constrained Cross-View Feature Fusion for Multi-View Appearance-based Gaze Estimationcited by 10
- 2021MAAD: A Model and Dataset for "Attended Awareness" in Drivingcited by 9
- 2024LG-Gaze: Learning Geometry-aware Continuous Prompts for Language-Guided Gaze Estimationcited by 9
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labelscited by 9
- 2022BOSS: A Benchmark for Human Belief Prediction in Object-context Scenarioscited by 8
- 2022LatentGaze: Cross-Domain Gaze Estimation through Gaze-Aware Analytic Latent Code Manipulationcited by 8
- 2023Disguise without Disruption: Utility-Preserving Face De-Identificationcited by 8
- 2024Test-Time Personalization with Meta Prompt for Gaze Estimationcited by 8
- 2024MambaPupil: Bidirectional Selective Recurrent model for Event-based Eye trackingcited by 8
- 2025UniGaze: Towards Universal Gaze Estimation via Large-scale Pre-Trainingcited by 8
- 2021A Multimodal Eye Movement Dataset and a Multimodal Eye Movement Segmentation Analysiscited by 7
- 2024CrossGaze: A Strong Method for 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wildcited by 7
- 2021Onfocus Detection: Identifying Individual-Camera Eye Contact from Unconstrained Imagescited by 6
- 2022Towards Self-Supervised Gaze Estimationcited by 6
- 2022Jitter Does Matter: Adapting Gaze Estimation to New Domainscited by 6
- 2023High-Fidelity Eye Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Human Facecited by 6
50 most cited of 173 All 173 (JSON)
- 2026EyeTAG: Eye Trajectory-Aware Gaze Estimation1 Oct 2026
- 2026Context-Aware Causal Gaze Forecasting for Human-Vehicle Interaction During In-Cabin Tracking Dropouts11 Sep 2026
- 2026Marker-free eye-gaze estimation using a single image and depth from defocus9 Sep 2026
- 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marching7 Sep 2026
- 2026Motion-Based Tokenization for Cross-Dataset Egocentric Gaze Modeling24 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Concepts11 Aug 2026
- 2026HiResNets: Native Full-HD Video Recognition with Foveal Residual Streams3 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaze-Anchored Social Net: Decoding Implicit Relations via Joint Modeling24 Jul 2026
- 2026Factor-Informed Uncertainty Distillation for Gaze Estimation22 Jul 2026
- 2026Coordinate Singularities Break Conformal Coverage for Gaze and Head Pose29 Jun 2026
- 2026When Eyes Betray AI: Social Gaze Consistency as a Semantic Cue for AI-Generated Image Detection26 May 2026
- 2026Semi-Supervised Gaze Estimation via Disentangled Subspace Contrastive Learning26 May 2026
38 more
- 2026OmniGF: A Dual-Branch Vision-Language Framework for Unified Gaze Following26 May 2026
- 2026Low Latency Gaze Tracking via Latent Optical Sensing18 May 2026
- 2026LISA: Language-guided Interference-aware Spatial-Frequency Attention for Driver Gaze Estimation17 May 2026
- 2026PicoEyes: Unified Gaze Estimation Framework for Mixed Reality with a Large-Scale Multi-View Dataset8 May 2026
- 2026Gaze4HRI: Zero-shot Benchmarking Gaze Estimation Neural-Networks for Human-Robot Interaction6 May 2026
- 2026GMGaze: MoE-Based Context-Aware Gaze Estimation with CLIP and Multiscale Transformer1 May 2026
- 2026From Scene to Object: Text-Guided Dual-Gaze Prediction22 Apr 2026
- 2026See Through the Noise: Improving Domain Generalization in Gaze Estimation17 Apr 2026
- 2026Investigating Bias and Fairness in Appearance-based Gaze Estimation12 Apr 2026
- 2026Rapidly deploying on-device eye tracking by distilling visual foundation models2 Apr 2026
- 2026Real-time Appearance-based Gaze Estimation for Open Domains27 Mar 2026
- 2026Is Geometry Enough? An Evaluation of Landmark-Based Gaze Estimation25 Mar 2026
- 2026The Nonverbal Gap: Toward Affective Computer Vision for Safer and More Equitable Online Dating20 Mar 2026
- 2026GazeOnce360: Fisheye-Based 360deg Multi-Person Gaze Estimation with Global-Local Feature Fusion17 Mar 2026
- 2026Deployment-Oriented Session-wise Meta-Calibration for Landmark-Based Webcam Gaze Tracking12 Mar 2026
- 2026Alfa: Attentive Low-Rank Filter Adaptation for Structure-Aware Cross-Domain Personalized Gaze Estimation9 Mar 2026
- 2026GazeD: Context-Aware Diffusion for Accurate 3D Gaze Estimation19 Jan 2026
- 2026GazeFormer-MoE: Context-Aware Gaze Estimation via CLIP and MoE Transformer18 Jan 2026
- 2026EyeTheia: A Lightweight and Accessible Eye-Tracking Toolbox9 Jan 2026
- 2025NystagmusNet: Explainable Deep Learning for Photosensitivity Risk Prediction13 Dec 2025
- 2025EgoCampus: Egocentric Pedestrian Eye Gaze Model and Dataset8 Dec 2025
- 2025Hybrid-Domain Adaptative Representation Learning for Gaze Estimation17 Nov 2025
- 2025Part-Aware Bottom-Up Group Reasoning for Fine-Grained Social Interaction Detection5 Nov 2025
- 2025FruitProm: Probabilistic Maturity Estimation and Detection of Fruits and Vegetables28 Oct 2025
- 2025egoEMOTION: Egocentric Vision and Physiological Signals for Emotion and Personality Recognition in Real-World Tasks25 Oct 2025
- 2025OmniGaze: Reward-inspired Generalizable Gaze Estimation In The Wild15 Oct 2025
- 2025Seeing My Future: Predicting Situated Interaction Behavior in Virtual Reality12 Oct 2025
- 2025DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls using Point of Gaze Tracking29 Sep 2025
- 2025Gaze Estimation for Human-Robot Interaction: Analysis Using the NICO Platform28 Sep 2025
- 2025CapStARE: Capsule-based Sequential Architecture for Robust and Efficient Gaze Estimation24 Sep 2025
- 2025HumanPCR: Probing MLLM Capabilities in Diverse Human-Centric Scenes19 Aug 2025
- 2025Pose-Robust Calibration Strategy for Point-of-Gaze Estimation on Mobile Phones14 Aug 2025
- 2025Multimodal Appearance based Gaze-Controlled Virtual Keyboard with Synchronous Asynchronous Interaction for Low-Resource Settings12 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025GazeTarget360: Towards Gaze Target Estimation in 360-Degree for Robot Perception30 Jun 2025
- 2025OpenFace 3.0: A Lightweight Multitask System for Comprehensive Facial Behavior Analysis3 Jun 2025
- 2025Do you see what I see? An Ambiguous Optical Illusion Dataset exposing limitations of Explainable AI27 May 2025
- 2025A Generalized Label Shift Perspective for Cross-Domain Gaze Estimation19 May 2025
50 newest of 173 All 173 (JSON)
- 2021Ego4D: Around the World in 3,000 Hours of Egocentric Videocited by 1,530
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
- 2021Gaze Estimation using Transformercited by 68
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
- 2022L2CS-Net: Fine-Grained Gaze Estimation in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 65
- 2021PureGaze: Purifying Gaze Feature for Generalizable Gaze Estimationcited by 54
- 2022In the Eye of Transformer: Global-Local Correlation for Egocentric Gaze Estimationcited by 51
- 2021Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Outlier-guided Collaborative Adaptationcited by 42
- 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2023ChildPlay: A New Benchmark for Understanding Children's Gaze Behaviourcited by 35
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
12 most cited of 168 All 168 (JSON)
- 2026EyeTAG: Eye Trajectory-Aware Gaze Estimation1 Oct 2026
- 2026Context-Aware Causal Gaze Forecasting for Human-Vehicle Interaction During In-Cabin Tracking Dropouts11 Sep 2026
- 2026Marker-free eye-gaze estimation using a single image and depth from defocus9 Sep 2026
- 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marching7 Sep 2026
- 2026Motion-Based Tokenization for Cross-Dataset Egocentric Gaze Modeling24 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Concepts11 Aug 2026
- 2026HiResNets: Native Full-HD Video Recognition with Foveal Residual Streams3 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaze-Anchored Social Net: Decoding Implicit Relations via Joint Modeling24 Jul 2026
- 2026Factor-Informed Uncertainty Distillation for Gaze Estimation22 Jul 2026
- 2026Coordinate Singularities Break Conformal Coverage for Gaze and Head Pose29 Jun 2026
- 2026When Eyes Betray AI: Social Gaze Consistency as a Semantic Cue for AI-Generated Image Detection26 May 2026
- 2026Semi-Supervised Gaze Estimation via Disentangled Subspace Contrastive Learning26 May 2026
12 newest of 168 All 168 (JSON)