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Gaze360: Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation in the Wild

arXiv 1910.10088 ↗First posted 22 Oct 2019cs.CVcited by 173

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Abstract (arXiv)

Understanding where people are looking is an informative social cue. In this work, we present Gaze360, a large-scale gaze-tracking dataset and method for robust 3D gaze estimation in unconstrained images. Our dataset consists of 238 subjects in indoor and outdoor environments with labelled 3D gaze across a wide range of head poses and distances. It is the largest publicly available dataset of its kind by both subject and variety, made possible by a simple and efficient collection method. Our proposed 3D gaze model extends existing models to include temporal information and to directly output an estimate of gaze uncertainty. We demonstrate the benefits of our model via an ablation study, and show its generalization performance via a cross-dataset evaluation against other recent gaze benchmark datasets. We furthermore propose a simple self-supervised approach to improve cross-dataset domain adaptation. Finally, we demonstrate an application of our model for estimating customer attention in a supermarket setting. Our dataset and models are available at http://gaze360.csail.mit.edu .

Key facts. Cited by 173 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 29; 2023: 33; 2024: 36; 2025: 29; 2026: 31.

173 papers.

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  1. 2021Ego4D: Around the World in 3,000 Hours of Egocentric Videocited by 1,530
  2. 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
  3. 2021Gaze Estimation using Transformercited by 68
  4. 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
  5. 2022L2CS-Net: Fine-Grained Gaze Estimation in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 65
  6. 2021PureGaze: Purifying Gaze Feature for Generalizable Gaze Estimationcited by 54
  7. 2022In the Eye of Transformer: Global-Local Correlation for Egocentric Gaze Estimationcited by 51
  8. 2021Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Outlier-guided Collaborative Adaptationcited by 42
  9. 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
  10. 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
  11. 2023ChildPlay: A New Benchmark for Understanding Children's Gaze Behaviourcited by 35
  12. 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
38 more
  1. 2023A Modular Multimodal Architecture for Gaze Target Prediction: Application to Privacy-Sensitive Settingscited by 31
  2. 2021Weakly-Supervised Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimationcited by 28
  3. 2023Object-aware Gaze Target Detectioncited by 27
  4. 2023Retina : Low-Power Eye Tracking with Event Camera and Spiking Hardwarecited by 27
  5. 2022Multimodal Across Domains Gaze Target Detectioncited by 22
  6. 2022Patch-level Gaze Distribution Prediction for Gaze Followingcited by 22
  7. 2021Learning Triadic Belief Dynamics in Nonverbal Communication from Videoscited by 17
  8. 2022GazeOnce: Real-Time Multi-Person Gaze Estimationcited by 17
  9. 2024WTS: A Pedestrian-Centric Traffic Video Dataset for Fine-grained Spatial-Temporal Understandingcited by 17
  10. 2022Understanding Embodied Reference with Touch-Line Transformercited by 16
  11. 2023End-to-end Video Gaze Estimation via Capturing Head-face-eye Spatial-temporal Interaction Contextcited by 14
  12. 2024What Do You See in Vehicle? Comprehensive Vision Solution for In-Vehicle Gaze Estimationcited by 14
  13. 2024Nonverbal Interaction Detectioncited by 14
  14. 2022Learning-by-Novel-View-Synthesis for Full-Face Appearance-Based 3D Gaze Estimationcited by 13
  15. 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devicescited by 13
  16. 2024CLIP-Gaze: Towards General Gaze Estimation via Visual-Linguistic Modelcited by 13
  17. 2024Spatio-Temporal Attention and Gaussian Processes for Personalized Video Gaze Estimationcited by 12
  18. 20223DGazeNet: Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Weak-Supervision from Synthetic Viewscited by 11
  19. 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimationcited by 11
  20. 2021MTGLS: Multi-Task Gaze Estimation with Limited Supervisioncited by 10
  21. 2022Free-HeadGAN: Neural Talking Head Synthesis with Explicit Gaze Controlcited by 10
  22. 2022NeRF-Gaze: A Head-Eye Redirection Parametric Model for Gaze Estimationcited by 10
  23. 2023Rotation-Constrained Cross-View Feature Fusion for Multi-View Appearance-based Gaze Estimationcited by 10
  24. 2021MAAD: A Model and Dataset for "Attended Awareness" in Drivingcited by 9
  25. 2024LG-Gaze: Learning Geometry-aware Continuous Prompts for Language-Guided Gaze Estimationcited by 9
  26. 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labelscited by 9
  27. 2022BOSS: A Benchmark for Human Belief Prediction in Object-context Scenarioscited by 8
  28. 2022LatentGaze: Cross-Domain Gaze Estimation through Gaze-Aware Analytic Latent Code Manipulationcited by 8
  29. 2023Disguise without Disruption: Utility-Preserving Face De-Identificationcited by 8
  30. 2024Test-Time Personalization with Meta Prompt for Gaze Estimationcited by 8
  31. 2024MambaPupil: Bidirectional Selective Recurrent model for Event-based Eye trackingcited by 8
  32. 2025UniGaze: Towards Universal Gaze Estimation via Large-scale Pre-Trainingcited by 8
  33. 2021A Multimodal Eye Movement Dataset and a Multimodal Eye Movement Segmentation Analysiscited by 7
  34. 2024CrossGaze: A Strong Method for 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wildcited by 7
  35. 2021Onfocus Detection: Identifying Individual-Camera Eye Contact from Unconstrained Imagescited by 6
  36. 2022Towards Self-Supervised Gaze Estimationcited by 6
  37. 2022Jitter Does Matter: Adapting Gaze Estimation to New Domainscited by 6
  38. 2023High-Fidelity Eye Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Human Facecited by 6

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