Multimodal Across Domains Gaze Target Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper addresses the gaze target detection problem in single images captured from the third-person perspective. We present a multimodal deep architecture to infer where a person in a scene is looking. This spatial model is trained on the head images of the person-of- interest, scene and depth maps representing rich context information. Our model, unlike several prior art, do not require supervision of the gaze angles, do not rely on head orientation information and/or location of the eyes of person-of-interest. Extensive experiments demonstrate the stronger performance of our method on multiple benchmark datasets. We also investigated several variations of our method by altering joint-learning of multimodal data. Some variations outperform a few prior art as well. First time in this paper, we inspect domain adaption for gaze target detection, and we empower our multimodal network to effectively handle the domain gap across datasets. The code of the proposed method is available at https://github.com/francescotonini/multimodal-across-domains-gaze-target-detection.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Aug 2022.
Builds on
28 of 63 references.
References · 28
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- 2015Domain-Adversarial Training of Neural Networkscited by 3,023
- 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
- 2015Learning Transferable Features with Deep Adaptation Networkscited by 1,323
- 2017Adversarial Discriminative Domain Adaptationcited by 1,309
- 2018A Survey of Unsupervised Deep Domain Adaptationcited by 361
- 2016Unsupervised Pixel-Level Domain Adaptation with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 307
- 2015Simultaneous Deep Transfer Across Domains and Taskscited by 205
- 2019Gaze360: Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation in the Wildcited by 173
- 2020Gradually Vanishing Bridge for Adversarial Domain Adaptationcited by 130
- 2019Learning Relationships between Text, Audio, and Video via Deep Canonical Correlation for Multimodal Language Analysiscited by 82
- 2021Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation with Self-Supervised Depth Estimationcited by 80
16 more
- 2020Detecting Attended Visual Targets in Videocited by 76
- 2018Depth-aware CNN for RGB-D Segmentationcited by 73
- 2020In the Eye of the Beholder: Gaze and Actions in First Person Videocited by 68
- 2019Self-supervised Domain Adaptation for Computer Vision Taskscited by 58
- 2018Connecting Gaze, Scene, and Attention: Generalized Attention Estimation via Joint Modeling of Gaze and Scene Saliencycited by 53
- 2019Improving Few-Shot User-Specific Gaze Adaptation via Gaze Redirection Synthesiscited by 43
- 2020Integrating Human Gaze into Attention for Egocentric Activity Recognitioncited by 42
- 2019Believe It or Not, We Know What You Are Looking at!cited by 38
- 2019LAEO-Net: revisiting people Looking At Each Other in videoscited by 34
- 2020Domain Adaptation Gaze Estimation by Embedding with Prediction Consistencycited by 27
- 2021GOO: A Dataset for Gaze Object Prediction in Retail Environmentscited by 26
- 2017Tracking Gaze and Visual Focus of Attention of People Involved in Social Interactioncited by 11
- 2022Unsupervised Human Action Recognition with Skeletal Graph Laplacian and Self-Supervised Viewpoints Invariancecited by 10
- 2021Multi-Modal RGB-D Scene Recognition Across Domainscited by 5
- 2019Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Learning Algorithm for RGB-D Staircase Recognitioncited by 4
- 2019Extended Gaze Following: Detecting Objects in Videos Beyond the Camera Field of Viewcited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 9; 2025: 6; 2026: 6.
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- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2023Object-aware Gaze Target Detectioncited by 27
- 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Followingcited by 13
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understandingcited by 9
- 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Associationcited by 6
- 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Followingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
- 2025Leveraging Multi-Modal Saliency and Fusion for Gaze Target Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Socially Pertinent Robots in Gerontological Healthcarecited by 1
- 20243D Gaze Tracking for Studying Collaborative Interactions in Mixed-Reality Environmentscited by 1
- 2024Upper-Body Pose-based Gaze Estimation for Privacy-Preserving 3D Gaze Target Detectioncited by 1
10 more
- 2024AL-GTD: Deep Active Learning for Gaze Target Detectioncited by 1
- 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representationscited by 1
- 2025GaTector+: A Unified Head-free Framework for Gaze Object and Gaze Following Predictioncited by 1
- 2025CAPE: A CLIP-Aware Pointing Ensemble of Complementary Heatmap Cues for Embodied Reference Understandingcited by 0
- 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cuescited by 0
- 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Methodcited by 0
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Conceptscited by 0
- 2026From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanationcited by 0
- 2026From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanation5 Sep 2026
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Concepts11 Aug 2026
- 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Method21 Jul 2026
- 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cues11 Jul 2026
- 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoning28 Jun 2026
- 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Models19 May 2026
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understanding9 Nov 2025
- 2025GaTector+: A Unified Head-free Framework for Gaze Object and Gaze Following Prediction29 Oct 2025
- 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representations18 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025CAPE: A CLIP-Aware Pointing Ensemble of Complementary Heatmap Cues for Embodied Reference Understanding29 Jul 2025
- 2025Leveraging Multi-Modal Saliency and Fusion for Gaze Target Detection27 Apr 2025
10 more
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoders12 Dec 2024
- 2024AL-GTD: Deep Active Learning for Gaze Target Detection27 Sep 2024
- 2024Upper-Body Pose-based Gaze Estimation for Privacy-Preserving 3D Gaze Target Detection26 Sep 2024
- 20243D Gaze Tracking for Studying Collaborative Interactions in Mixed-Reality Environments16 Jun 2024
- 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Following6 Jun 2024
- 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Following4 Jun 2024
- 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Association16 Apr 2024
- 2024Socially Pertinent Robots in Gerontological Healthcare11 Apr 2024
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction15 Mar 2024
- 2023Object-aware Gaze Target Detection18 Jul 2023
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2023Object-aware Gaze Target Detectioncited by 27
- 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Associationcited by 6
- 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Followingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
- 2025Leveraging Multi-Modal Saliency and Fusion for Gaze Target Detectioncited by 2
- 2024Socially Pertinent Robots in Gerontological Healthcarecited by 1
- 20243D Gaze Tracking for Studying Collaborative Interactions in Mixed-Reality Environmentscited by 1
- 2024Upper-Body Pose-based Gaze Estimation for Privacy-Preserving 3D Gaze Target Detectioncited by 1
- 2024AL-GTD: Deep Active Learning for Gaze Target Detectioncited by 1
- 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representationscited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Concepts11 Aug 2026
- 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Method21 Jul 2026
- 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cues11 Jul 2026
- 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoning28 Jun 2026
- 2025GaTector+: A Unified Head-free Framework for Gaze Object and Gaze Following Prediction29 Oct 2025
- 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representations18 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025CAPE: A CLIP-Aware Pointing Ensemble of Complementary Heatmap Cues for Embodied Reference Understanding29 Jul 2025
- 2025Leveraging Multi-Modal Saliency and Fusion for Gaze Target Detection27 Apr 2025
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoders12 Dec 2024
- 2024AL-GTD: Deep Active Learning for Gaze Target Detection27 Sep 2024
- 2024Upper-Body Pose-based Gaze Estimation for Privacy-Preserving 3D Gaze Target Detection26 Sep 2024
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)