mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ChildPlay: A New Benchmark for Understanding Children's Gaze Behaviour

arXiv 2307.01630 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2023cs.CVcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Gaze behaviors such as eye-contact or shared attention are important markers for diagnosing developmental disorders in children. While previous studies have looked at some of these elements, the analysis is usually performed on private datasets and is restricted to lab settings. Furthermore, all publicly available gaze target prediction benchmarks mostly contain instances of adults, which makes models trained on them less applicable to scenarios with young children. In this paper, we propose the first study for predicting the gaze target of children and interacting adults. To this end, we introduce the ChildPlay dataset: a curated collection of short video clips featuring children playing and interacting with adults in uncontrolled environments (e.g. kindergarten, therapy centers, preschools etc.), which we annotate with rich gaze information. We further propose a new model for gaze target prediction that is geometrically grounded by explicitly identifying the scene parts in the 3D field of view (3DFoV) of the person, leveraging recent geometry preserving depth inference methods. Our model achieves state of the art results on benchmark datasets and ChildPlay. Furthermore, results show that looking at faces prediction performance on children is much worse than on adults, and can be significantly improved by fine-tuning models using child gaze annotations. Our dataset and models will be made publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2023.

Builds on

24 of 69 references.

References · 24

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
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  3. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
  4. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  5. 2021Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentationcited by 2,338
  6. 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
  7. 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
  8. 2017AVA: A Video Dataset of Spatio-temporally Localized Atomic Visual Actionscited by 449
  9. 2020Learning to Recover 3D Scene Shape from a Single Imagecited by 214
  10. 2019Gaze360: Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation in the Wildcited by 173
  11. 2020Detecting Attended Visual Targets in Videocited by 76
  12. 2020DiverseDepth: Affine-invariant Depth Prediction Using Diverse Datacited by 60
12 more
  1. 2018Connecting Gaze, Scene, and Attention: Generalized Attention Estimation via Joint Modeling of Gaze and Scene Saliencycited by 53
  2. 2022End-to-End Human-Gaze-Target Detection with Transformerscited by 47
  3. 2019Understanding Human Gaze Communication by Spatio-Temporal Graph Reasoningcited by 39
  4. 2019Believe It or Not, We Know What You Are Looking at!cited by 38
  5. 2019LAEO-Net: revisiting people Looking At Each Other in videoscited by 34
  6. 2018Personalized Machine Learning for Robot Perception of Affect and Engagement in Autism Therapycited by 29
  7. 2019A Differential Approach for Gaze Estimationcited by 26
  8. 2021GOO: A Dataset for Gaze Object Prediction in Retail Environmentscited by 26
  9. 2021GaTector: A Unified Framework for Gaze Object Predictioncited by 18
  10. 2019Detecting Gaze Towards Eyes in Natural Social Interactions and its Use in Child Assessmentcited by 10
  11. 2023Single-Stage 3D Geometry-Preserving Depth Estimation Model Training on Dataset Mixtures with Uncalibrated Stereo Datacited by 6
  12. 2021Do Pedestrians Pay Attention? Eye Contact Detection in the Wildcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 7; 2025: 12; 2026: 16.

35 papers.

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  1. 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
  2. 2024Learning from Observer Gaze:Zero-Shot Attention Prediction Oriented by Human-Object Interaction Recognitioncited by 17
  3. 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Followingcited by 13
  4. 2025Towards Online Multi-Modal Social Interaction Understandingcited by 12
  5. 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labelscited by 9
  6. 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understandingcited by 9
  7. 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Associationcited by 6
  8. 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Followingcited by 4
  9. 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
  10. 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
  11. 2025GA3CE: Unconstrained 3D Gaze Estimation with Gaze-Aware 3D Context Encodingcited by 3
  12. 2025Learning in Focus: Detecting Behavioral and Collaborative Engagement Using Vision Transformerscited by 3
23 more
  1. 2025VL4Gaze: Unleashing Vision-Language Models for Gaze Followingcited by 3
  2. 2026Omni-MMSI: Toward Identity-attributed Social Interaction Understandingcited by 3
  3. 2024ChildPlay-Hand: A Dataset of Hand Manipulations in the Wildcited by 2
  4. 2025MOOSE: Pay Attention to Temporal Dynamics for Video Understanding via Optical Flowscited by 2
  5. 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representationscited by 1
  6. 2025Age-Inclusive 3D Human Mesh Recovery for Action-Preserving Data Anonymizationcited by 1
  7. 2025CAPE: A CLIP-Aware Pointing Ensemble of Complementary Heatmap Cues for Embodied Reference Understandingcited by 0
  8. 2025CSGaze: Context-aware Social Gaze Predictioncited by 0
  9. 2026GazeMoE: Perception of Gaze Target with Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0
  10. 2026End-to-End Shared Attention Estimation via Group Detection with Feedback Refinementcited by 0
  11. 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Modelscited by 0
  12. 2026OmniGF: A Dual-Branch Vision-Language Framework for Unified Gaze Followingcited by 0
  13. 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoningcited by 0
  14. 2026SAGE: Synchronized Action-Gaze Recognition and Anticipation for Human Behavior Understandingcited by 0
  15. 2026PAGE: Towards Practical Human-level Gaze Target Estimationcited by 0
  16. 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cuescited by 0
  17. 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Methodcited by 0
  18. 2026Gaze-Anchored Social Net: Decoding Implicit Relations via Joint Modelingcited by 0
  19. 2026Decoding Children's Gait Behaviorcited by 0
  20. 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Conceptscited by 0
  21. 2026From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanationcited by 0
  22. 2026ChildGaze: A Benchmark Dataset for Collaborative Behavior Understanding in Childrencited by 0
  23. 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marchingcited by 0