ChildPlay: A New Benchmark for Understanding Children's Gaze Behaviour
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Abstract (arXiv)
Gaze behaviors such as eye-contact or shared attention are important markers for diagnosing developmental disorders in children. While previous studies have looked at some of these elements, the analysis is usually performed on private datasets and is restricted to lab settings. Furthermore, all publicly available gaze target prediction benchmarks mostly contain instances of adults, which makes models trained on them less applicable to scenarios with young children. In this paper, we propose the first study for predicting the gaze target of children and interacting adults. To this end, we introduce the ChildPlay dataset: a curated collection of short video clips featuring children playing and interacting with adults in uncontrolled environments (e.g. kindergarten, therapy centers, preschools etc.), which we annotate with rich gaze information. We further propose a new model for gaze target prediction that is geometrically grounded by explicitly identifying the scene parts in the 3D field of view (3DFoV) of the person, leveraging recent geometry preserving depth inference methods. Our model achieves state of the art results on benchmark datasets and ChildPlay. Furthermore, results show that looking at faces prediction performance on children is much worse than on adults, and can be significantly improved by fine-tuning models using child gaze annotations. Our dataset and models will be made publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2023.
Builds on
24 of 69 references.
References · 24
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12 more
- 2018Connecting Gaze, Scene, and Attention: Generalized Attention Estimation via Joint Modeling of Gaze and Scene Saliencycited by 53
- 2022End-to-End Human-Gaze-Target Detection with Transformerscited by 47
- 2019Understanding Human Gaze Communication by Spatio-Temporal Graph Reasoningcited by 39
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 7; 2025: 12; 2026: 16.
35 papers.
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- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2024Learning from Observer Gaze:Zero-Shot Attention Prediction Oriented by Human-Object Interaction Recognitioncited by 17
- 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Followingcited by 13
- 2025Towards Online Multi-Modal Social Interaction Understandingcited by 12
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labelscited by 9
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understandingcited by 9
- 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Associationcited by 6
- 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Followingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
- 2025GA3CE: Unconstrained 3D Gaze Estimation with Gaze-Aware 3D Context Encodingcited by 3
- 2025Learning in Focus: Detecting Behavioral and Collaborative Engagement Using Vision Transformerscited by 3
23 more
- 2025VL4Gaze: Unleashing Vision-Language Models for Gaze Followingcited by 3
- 2026Omni-MMSI: Toward Identity-attributed Social Interaction Understandingcited by 3
- 2024ChildPlay-Hand: A Dataset of Hand Manipulations in the Wildcited by 2
- 2025MOOSE: Pay Attention to Temporal Dynamics for Video Understanding via Optical Flowscited by 2
- 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representationscited by 1
- 2025Age-Inclusive 3D Human Mesh Recovery for Action-Preserving Data Anonymizationcited by 1
- 2025CAPE: A CLIP-Aware Pointing Ensemble of Complementary Heatmap Cues for Embodied Reference Understandingcited by 0
- 2025CSGaze: Context-aware Social Gaze Predictioncited by 0
- 2026GazeMoE: Perception of Gaze Target with Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0
- 2026End-to-End Shared Attention Estimation via Group Detection with Feedback Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026OmniGF: A Dual-Branch Vision-Language Framework for Unified Gaze Followingcited by 0
- 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026SAGE: Synchronized Action-Gaze Recognition and Anticipation for Human Behavior Understandingcited by 0
- 2026PAGE: Towards Practical Human-level Gaze Target Estimationcited by 0
- 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cuescited by 0
- 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Methodcited by 0
- 2026Gaze-Anchored Social Net: Decoding Implicit Relations via Joint Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Decoding Children's Gait Behaviorcited by 0
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Conceptscited by 0
- 2026From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanationcited by 0
- 2026ChildGaze: A Benchmark Dataset for Collaborative Behavior Understanding in Childrencited by 0
- 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marchingcited by 0
- 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marching7 Sep 2026
- 2026ChildGaze: A Benchmark Dataset for Collaborative Behavior Understanding in Children6 Sep 2026
- 2026From Gaze to Meaning: A Training-Free AI Agent for Unified Grounding and Explanation5 Sep 2026
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Concepts11 Aug 2026
- 2026Decoding Children's Gait Behavior1 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaze-Anchored Social Net: Decoding Implicit Relations via Joint Modeling24 Jul 2026
- 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Method21 Jul 2026
- 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cues11 Jul 2026
- 2026PAGE: Towards Practical Human-level Gaze Target Estimation6 Jul 2026
- 2026SAGE: Synchronized Action-Gaze Recognition and Anticipation for Human Behavior Understanding4 Jul 2026
- 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoning28 Jun 2026
- 2026OmniGF: A Dual-Branch Vision-Language Framework for Unified Gaze Following26 May 2026
23 more
- 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Models19 May 2026
- 2026End-to-End Shared Attention Estimation via Group Detection with Feedback Refinement2 Apr 2026
- 2026Omni-MMSI: Toward Identity-attributed Social Interaction Understanding31 Mar 2026
- 2026GazeMoE: Perception of Gaze Target with Mixture-of-Experts6 Mar 2026
- 2025VL4Gaze: Unleashing Vision-Language Models for Gaze Following23 Dec 2025
- 2025Age-Inclusive 3D Human Mesh Recovery for Action-Preserving Data Anonymization4 Dec 2025
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understanding9 Nov 2025
- 2025CSGaze: Context-aware Social Gaze Prediction8 Nov 2025
- 2025GazeDETR: Gaze Detection using Disentangled Head and Gaze Representations18 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Learning in Focus: Detecting Behavioral and Collaborative Engagement Using Vision Transformers5 Aug 2025
- 2025CAPE: A CLIP-Aware Pointing Ensemble of Complementary Heatmap Cues for Embodied Reference Understanding29 Jul 2025
- 2025MOOSE: Pay Attention to Temporal Dynamics for Video Understanding via Optical Flows1 Jun 2025
- 2025GA3CE: Unconstrained 3D Gaze Estimation with Gaze-Aware 3D Context Encoding15 May 2025
- 2025Towards Online Multi-Modal Social Interaction Understanding25 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labels27 Feb 2025
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoders12 Dec 2024
- 2024ChildPlay-Hand: A Dataset of Hand Manipulations in the Wild14 Sep 2024
- 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Following6 Jun 2024
- 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Following4 Jun 2024
- 2024Learning from Observer Gaze:Zero-Shot Attention Prediction Oriented by Human-Object Interaction Recognition16 May 2024
- 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Association16 Apr 2024
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction15 Mar 2024
- 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Followingcited by 13
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understandingcited by 9
- 2025VL4Gaze: Unleashing Vision-Language Models for Gaze Followingcited by 3
- 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Eyes on VLM: Benchmarking Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction in Vision Language Models19 May 2026
- 2025VL4Gaze: Unleashing Vision-Language Models for Gaze Following23 Dec 2025
- 2025GazeVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Multi-Task Gaze Understanding9 Nov 2025
- 2024Exploring the Zero-Shot Capabilities of Vision-Language Models for Improving Gaze Following6 Jun 2024
- 2024Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoderscited by 36
- 2024Learning from Observer Gaze:Zero-Shot Attention Prediction Oriented by Human-Object Interaction Recognitioncited by 17
- 2025Towards Online Multi-Modal Social Interaction Understandingcited by 12
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labelscited by 9
- 2024GazeHTA: End-to-end Gaze Target Detection with Head-Target Associationcited by 6
- 2024Diffusion-Refined VQA Annotations for Semi-Supervised Gaze Followingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
- 2025GA3CE: Unconstrained 3D Gaze Estimation with Gaze-Aware 3D Context Encodingcited by 3
- 2025Learning in Focus: Detecting Behavioral and Collaborative Engagement Using Vision Transformerscited by 3
- 2026Omni-MMSI: Toward Identity-attributed Social Interaction Understandingcited by 3
- 2024ChildPlay-Hand: A Dataset of Hand Manipulations in the Wildcited by 2
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2026Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Gaze Target Estimation via Probabilistic Ray Marching7 Sep 2026
- 2026ChildGaze: A Benchmark Dataset for Collaborative Behavior Understanding in Children6 Sep 2026
- 2026Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with Concepts11 Aug 2026
- 2026Decoding Children's Gait Behavior1 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaze-Anchored Social Net: Decoding Implicit Relations via Joint Modeling24 Jul 2026
- 2026Open-Vocabulary Gaze Object Prediction: Benchmark and Method21 Jul 2026
- 2026TextGaze: Prompting Gaze Target Estimation with Textual Scene Cues11 Jul 2026
- 2026PAGE: Towards Practical Human-level Gaze Target Estimation6 Jul 2026
- 2026SAGE: Synchronized Action-Gaze Recognition and Anticipation for Human Behavior Understanding4 Jul 2026
- 2026Multi-scale Object-Aware Gaze Estimation via Geometric Reasoning28 Jun 2026
- 2026OmniGF: A Dual-Branch Vision-Language Framework for Unified Gaze Following26 May 2026
- 2026End-to-End Shared Attention Estimation via Group Detection with Feedback Refinement2 Apr 2026
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)