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Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis

arXiv 1908.11049 ↗First posted 29 Aug 2019cs.CLcited by 133

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Abstract (arXiv)

Current research on hate speech analysis is typically oriented towards monolingual and single classification tasks. In this paper, we present a new multilingual multi-aspect hate speech analysis dataset and use it to test the current state-of-the-art multilingual multitask learning approaches. We evaluate our dataset in various classification settings, then we discuss how to leverage our annotations in order to improve hate speech detection and classification in general.

Key facts. Cited by 133 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Aug 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 25; 2023: 23; 2024: 35; 2025: 21; 2026: 12.

133 papers.

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  1. 2022Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Surveycited by 80
  2. 2021Just Say No: Analyzing the Stance of Neural Dialogue Generation in Offensive Contextscited by 56
  3. 2022Entropy-based Attention Regularization Frees Unintended Bias Mitigation from Listscited by 55
  4. 2022Multilingual HateCheck: Functional Tests for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 51
  5. 2024CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Modelscited by 50
  6. 2021ConvAbuse: Data, Analysis, and Benchmarks for Nuanced Abuse Detection in Conversational AIcited by 46
  7. 2023Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in English Hate Speech Annotations: From Dataset Construction to Analysiscited by 45
  8. 2021Claim Matching Beyond English to Scale Global Fact-Checkingcited by 42
  9. 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfercited by 41
  10. 2022Toxicity Detection with Generative Prompt-based Inferencecited by 35
  11. 2021Detecting Harmful Content On Online Platforms: What Platforms Need Vs. Where Research Efforts Gocited by 33
  12. 2024Whispering Experts: Neural Interventions for Toxicity Mitigation in Language Modelscited by 32
38 more
  1. 2024MemeCLIP: Leveraging CLIP Representations for Multimodal Meme Classificationcited by 30
  2. 2023Robust Hate Speech Detection in Social Media: A Cross-Dataset Empirical Evaluationcited by 28
  3. 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 27
  4. 2024From Languages to Geographies: Towards Evaluating Cultural Bias in Hate Speech Datasetscited by 25
  5. 2024Hate Personified: Investigating the role of LLMs in content moderationcited by 25
  6. 2022How Hate Speech Varies by Target Identity: A Computational Analysiscited by 23
  7. 2022Listening to Affected Communities to Define Extreme Speech: Dataset and Experimentscited by 22
  8. 2022Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengalicited by 19
  9. 2022Hate Speech Criteria: A Modular Approach to Task-Specific Hate Speech Definitionscited by 18
  10. 2023BanglaAbuseMeme: A Dataset for Bengali Abusive Meme Classificationcited by 18
  11. 2021HateBR: A Large Expert Annotated Corpus of Brazilian Instagram Comments for Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detectioncited by 15
  12. 2022Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speechcited by 14
  13. 2022KOLD: Korean Offensive Language Datasetcited by 14
  14. 2023Characterizing the Entities in Harmful Memes: Who is the Hero, the Villain, the Victim?cited by 14
  15. 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 14
  16. 2021"Short is the Road that Leads from Fear to Hate": Fear Speech in Indian WhatsApp Groupscited by 13
  17. 2022K-MHaS: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset in Korean Online News Commentcited by 13
  18. 2022HERDPhobia: A Dataset for Hate Speech against Fulani in Nigeriacited by 12
  19. 2022ADIMA: Abuse Detection In Multilingual Audiocited by 11
  20. 2022Explainable Abuse Detection as Intent Classification and Slot Fillingcited by 11
  21. 2025AfriHate: A Multilingual Collection of Hate Speech and Abusive Language Datasets for African Languagescited by 11
  22. 2024DetoxLLM: A Framework for Detoxification with Explanationscited by 10
  23. 2024SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singaporecited by 10
  24. 2024BanTH: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset for Transliterated Banglacited by 10
  25. 2024Advancing Content Moderation: Evaluating Large Language Models for Detecting Sensitive Content Across Text, Images, and Videoscited by 10
  26. 2021An Information Retrieval Approach to Building Datasets for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 9
  27. 2023SuperTweetEval: A Challenging, Unified and Heterogeneous Benchmark for Social Media NLP Researchcited by 9
  28. 2024EthioLLM: Multilingual Large Language Models for Ethiopian Languages with Task Evaluationcited by 8
  29. 2022Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languagescited by 7
  30. 2023HateModerate: Testing Hate Speech Detectors against Content Moderation Policiescited by 7
  31. 2024Hate Speech Detection with Generalizable Target-aware Fairnesscited by 7
  32. 2024Explainability and Hate Speech: Structured Explanations Make Social Media Moderators Fastercited by 7
  33. 2025Can Prompting LLMs Unlock Hate Speech Detection across Languages? A Zero-shot and Few-shot Studycited by 7
  34. 2021Detecting Inappropriate Messages on Sensitive Topics that Could Harm a Company's Reputationcited by 6
  35. 2023Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
  36. 2024The Unseen Targets of Hate -- A Systematic Review of Hateful Communication Datasetscited by 6
  37. 2025LLM Alignment for the Arabs: A Homogenous Culture or Diverse Ones?cited by 6
  38. 2021Cross-lingual Capsule Network for Hate Speech Detection in Social Mediacited by 5

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