mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Cross-lingual Capsule Network for Hate Speech Detection in Social Media

arXiv 2108.03089 ↗First posted 6 Aug 2021cs.CLcited by 5

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Abstract (arXiv)

Most hate speech detection research focuses on a single language, generally English, which limits their generalisability to other languages. In this paper we investigate the cross-lingual hate speech detection task, tackling the problem by adapting the hate speech resources from one language to another. We propose a cross-lingual capsule network learning model coupled with extra domain-specific lexical semantics for hate speech (CCNL-Ex). Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets from AMI@Evalita2018 and AMI@Ibereval2018 involving three languages: English, Spanish and Italian, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines on all six language pairs.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Aug 2021.

Builds on

16 of 42 references.

References · 16

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,016
  4. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  5. 2014Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classificationcited by 1,124
  6. 2017Dynamic Routing Between Capsulescited by 689
  7. 2017Word Translation Without Parallel Datacited by 480
  8. 2018Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyondcited by 434
  9. 2018Learning Word Vectors for 157 Languagescited by 279
  10. 2019Racial Bias in Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection Datasetscited by 208
  11. 2019Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysiscited by 133
  12. 2020Multilingual Offensive Language Identification with Cross-lingual Embeddingscited by 71
4 more
  1. 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
  2. 2018Investigating Capsule Networks with Dynamic Routing for Text Classificationcited by 23
  3. 2018Analyzing the hate and counter speech accounts on Twittercited by 21
  4. 2018Emoji-Powered Representation Learning for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classificationcited by 9

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 3.

5 papers.

  1. 2022AnnoBERT: Effectively Representing Multiple Annotators' Label Choices to Improve Hate Speech Detectioncited by 12
  2. 2023Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detectioncited by 11
  3. 2024Guardians of Discourse: Evaluating LLMs on Multilingual Offensive Language Detectioncited by 5
  4. 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challengescited by 2
  5. 2024English offensive text detection using CNN based Bi-GRU modelcited by 1