AfriHate: A Multilingual Collection of Hate Speech and Abusive Language Datasets for African Languages
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Abstract (arXiv)
Hate speech and abusive language are global phenomena that need socio-cultural background knowledge to be understood, identified, and moderated. However, in many regions of the Global South, there have been several documented occurrences of (1) absence of moderation and (2) censorship due to the reliance on keyword spotting out of context. Further, high-profile individuals have frequently been at the center of the moderation process, while large and targeted hate speech campaigns against minorities have been overlooked. These limitations are mainly due to the lack of high-quality data in the local languages and the failure to include local communities in the collection, annotation, and moderation processes. To address this issue, we present AfriHate: a multilingual collection of hate speech and abusive language datasets in 15 African languages. Each instance in AfriHate is annotated by native speakers familiar with the local culture. We report the challenges related to the construction of the datasets and present various classification baseline results with and without using LLMs. The datasets, individual annotations, and hate speech and offensive language lexicons are available on https://github.com/AfriHate/AfriHate
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2025.
Builds on
27 of 61 references.
References · 27
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15 more
- 2024Aya 23: Open Weight Releases to Further Multilingual Progresscited by 121
- 2023Glot500: Scaling Multilingual Corpora and Language Models to 500 Languagescited by 116
- 2023AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languagescited by 68
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- 2022HERDPhobia: A Dataset for Hate Speech against Fulani in Nigeriacited by 12
- 2024NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Datacited by 9
- 2024EkoHate: Abusive Language and Hate Speech Detection for Code-switched Political Discussions on Nigerian Twittercited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 5.
10 papers.
- 2025AfroXLMR-Social: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for African Languages Social Media Textcited by 4
- 2025HausaNLP: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions for Hausa Natural Language Processingcited by 2
- 2025Natural Language Processing for Tigrinya: Current State and Future Directionscited by 2
- 2026Afri-MCQA: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for African Languagescited by 2
- 2025Exploring Cultural Nuances in Emotion Perception Across 15 African Languagescited by 1
- 2025A Multi-Task Benchmark for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settingscited by 1
- 2026SAFARI: A Community-Engaged Approach and Dataset of Stereotype Resources in the Sub-Saharan African Contextcited by 1
- 2026Going PLACES: Participatory Localized Red Teaming for Text-to-Image Safety in the Global Southcited by 1
- 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Agreement-Based Clustering to Model Annotator Perspectives in Subjective NLP Taskscited by 0
- 2026Language-Specific Gaps in AI Safety Training Datasetscited by 0
- 2026Language-Specific Gaps in AI Safety Training Datasets13 Aug 2026
- 2026Going PLACES: Participatory Localized Red Teaming for Text-to-Image Safety in the Global South18 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Agreement-Based Clustering to Model Annotator Perspectives in Subjective NLP Tasks11 May 2026
- 2026SAFARI: A Community-Engaged Approach and Dataset of Stereotype Resources in the Sub-Saharan African Context25 Feb 2026
- 2026Afri-MCQA: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for African Languages9 Jan 2026
- 2025Natural Language Processing for Tigrinya: Current State and Future Directions23 Jul 2025
- 2025HausaNLP: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions for Hausa Natural Language Processing20 May 2025
- 2025A Multi-Task Benchmark for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settings17 May 2025
- 2025Exploring Cultural Nuances in Emotion Perception Across 15 African Languages25 Mar 2025
- 2025AfroXLMR-Social: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for African Languages Social Media Text24 Mar 2025