mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AfriHate: A Multilingual Collection of Hate Speech and Abusive Language Datasets for African Languages

arXiv 2501.08284 ↗First posted 14 Jan 2025cs.CLcited by 10

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Abstract (arXiv)

Hate speech and abusive language are global phenomena that need socio-cultural background knowledge to be understood, identified, and moderated. However, in many regions of the Global South, there have been several documented occurrences of (1) absence of moderation and (2) censorship due to the reliance on keyword spotting out of context. Further, high-profile individuals have frequently been at the center of the moderation process, while large and targeted hate speech campaigns against minorities have been overlooked. These limitations are mainly due to the lack of high-quality data in the local languages and the failure to include local communities in the collection, annotation, and moderation processes. To address this issue, we present AfriHate: a multilingual collection of hate speech and abusive language datasets in 15 African languages. Each instance in AfriHate is annotated by native speakers familiar with the local culture. We report the challenges related to the construction of the datasets and present various classification baseline results with and without using LLMs. The datasets, individual annotations, and hate speech and offensive language lexicons are available on https://github.com/AfriHate/AfriHate

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2025.

Builds on

27 of 61 references.

References · 27

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  2. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  3. 2024Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Sizecited by 1,928
  4. 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
  5. 2020Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddingcited by 621
  6. 2019Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Mediacited by 268
  7. 2020Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detectioncited by 217
  8. 2021MasakhaNER: Named Entity Recognition for African Languagescited by 155
  9. 2022Adapting Pre-trained Language Models to African Languages via Multilingual Adaptive Fine-Tuningcited by 149
  10. 2023SIB-200: A Simple, Inclusive, and Big Evaluation Dataset for Topic Classification in 200+ Languages and Dialectscited by 149
  11. 2022Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Promptscited by 135
  12. 2019Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysiscited by 133
15 more
  1. 2024Aya 23: Open Weight Releases to Further Multilingual Progresscited by 121
  2. 2023Glot500: Scaling Multilingual Corpora and Language Models to 500 Languagescited by 116
  3. 2023AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languagescited by 68
  4. 2022NaijaSenti: A Nigerian Twitter Sentiment Corpus for Multilingual Sentiment Analysiscited by 64
  5. 2018Spread of hate speech in online social mediacited by 59
  6. 2022Multilingual HateCheck: Functional Tests for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 51
  7. 2021Detecting Harmful Content On Online Platforms: What Platforms Need Vs. Where Research Efforts Gocited by 32
  8. 2022Listening to Affected Communities to Define Extreme Speech: Dataset and Experimentscited by 21
  9. 2023The Intended Uses of Automated Fact-Checking Artefacts: Why, How and Whocited by 19
  10. 2024InkubaLM: A small language model for low-resource African languagescited by 18
  11. 2024Correcting FLORES Evaluation Dataset for Four African Languagescited by 13
  12. 2022HERDPhobia: A Dataset for Hate Speech against Fulani in Nigeriacited by 12
  13. 2024NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Datacited by 9
  14. 2024EkoHate: Abusive Language and Hate Speech Detection for Code-switched Political Discussions on Nigerian Twittercited by 7
  15. 2024Exploring Boundaries and Intensities in Offensive and Hate Speech: Unveiling the Complex Spectrum of Social Media Discoursecited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 5.

10 papers.