MemeCLIP: Leveraging CLIP Representations for Multimodal Meme Classification
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Abstract (arXiv)
The complexity of text-embedded images presents a formidable challenge in machine learning given the need for multimodal understanding of multiple aspects of expression conveyed by them. While previous research in multimodal analysis has primarily focused on singular aspects such as hate speech and its subclasses, this study expands this focus to encompass multiple aspects of linguistics: hate, targets of hate, stance, and humor. We introduce a novel dataset PrideMM comprising 5,063 text-embedded images associated with the LGBTQ+ Pride movement, thereby addressing a serious gap in existing resources. We conduct extensive experimentation on PrideMM by using unimodal and multimodal baseline methods to establish benchmarks for each task. Additionally, we propose a novel framework MemeCLIP for efficient downstream learning while preserving the knowledge of the pre-trained CLIP model. The results of our experiments show that MemeCLIP achieves superior performance compared to previously proposed frameworks on two real-world datasets. We further compare the performance of MemeCLIP and zero-shot GPT-4 on the hate classification task. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of our model by qualitatively analyzing misclassified samples. Our code and dataset are publicly available at: https://github.com/SiddhantBikram/MemeCLIP.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2024.
Builds on
21 of 45 references.
References · 21
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 3,050
- 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,245
- 2021CLIP-Adapter: Better Vision-Language Models with Feature Adapterscited by 1,026
- 2020The Hateful Memes Challenge: Detecting Hate Speech in Multimodal Memescited by 490
- 2023Pretraining Language Models with Human Preferencescited by 247
- 2021RedditBias: A Real-World Resource for Bias Evaluation and Debiasing of Conversational Language Modelscited by 149
- 2019Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysiscited by 133
- 2020Deep Representation Learning on Long-tailed Data: A Learnable Embedding Augmentation Perspectivecited by 120
9 more
- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 86
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 78
- 2023Prompting for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classificationcited by 69
- 2022Hate-CLIPper: Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification based on Cross-modal Interaction of CLIP Featurescited by 56
- 2023Pro-Cap: Leveraging a Frozen Vision-Language Model for Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 47
- 2023Mapping Memes to Words for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classificationcited by 20
- 2019#MeTooMA: Multi-Aspect Annotations of Tweets Related to the MeToo Movementcited by 16
- 2022DisinfoMeme: A Multimodal Dataset for Detecting Meme Intentionally Spreading Out Disinformationcited by 13
- 2022Detecting Harmful Online Conversational Content towards LGBTQIA+ Individualscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 11; 2026: 18.
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- 2025Robust Adaptation of Large Multimodal Models for Retrieval Augmented Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 12
- 2025Are Vision-Language Models Safe in the Wild? A Meme-Based Benchmark Studycited by 12
- 2025MemeBLIP2: A novel lightweight multimodal system to detect harmful memescited by 8
- 2025ExPO-HM: Learning to Explain-then-Detect for Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 8
- 2025Read as You See: Guiding Unimodal LLMs for Low-Resource Explainable Harmful Meme Detectioncited by 7
- 2025Large Language Models Meet Stance Detection: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, Applications, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 6
- 2025Rainbow Noise: Stress-Testing Multimodal Harmful-Meme Detectors on LGBTQ Contentcited by 6
- 2026MemeLens: Multilingual Multitask VLMs for Memescited by 6
- 2025From Recognition to Reasoning: Advancing Multimodal Harmful Meme Detection via Chain-of-Thought Alignmentcited by 4
- 2026Yes FLoReNce, I Will Do Better Next Time! Agentic Feedback Reasoning for Humorous Meme Detectioncited by 3
- 2025Improving Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Exploiting LMM-Generated Knowledgecited by 2
- 2025On VLMs for Diverse Tasks in Multimodal Meme Classificationcited by 2
18 more
- 2026KID: Knowledge-Injected Dual-Head Learning for Knowledge-Grounded Harmful Meme Detectioncited by 2
- 2026MemeTAG: Keyword-Driven Meme Classification through Tag Embedding Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2026They Said Memes Were Harmless-We Found the Ones That Hurt: Decoding Jokes, Symbols, and Cultural Referencescited by 1
- 2026Small Cues, Big Consequences: Learning Pivotal Cues for Multimodal Meme Classificationcited by 1
- 2024MIMIC: Multimodal Islamophobic Meme Identification and Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Two Stage Context Learning with Large Language Models for Multimodal Stance Detection on Climate Changecited by 0
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026Memes-as-Replies: Can Models Select Humorous Manga Panel Responses?cited by 0
- 2026Beyond Hate: Differentiating Uncivil and Intolerant Speech in Multimodal Content Moderationcited by 0
- 2026DARC-CLIP: Dynamic Adaptive Refinement with Cross-Attention for Meme Understandingcited by 0
- 2026MuPHI: Learning Implicit Multimodal Harm Reasoning via Semantically Grounded Reward Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026TeamHerald@CHIPSAL 2026: Hate Speech Detection and Sentiment Analysis of Nepali Memes using Transformer-based Architectures and Ensemble Learningcited by 0
- 2026Beyond a Joke: Multi-Angle Reasoning for Detecting and Explaining Harmful Humor in Memescited by 0
- 2026Computational Humor with Multimodal LLMs: Methods, Datasets, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 0
- 2026Beyond Accuracy: A Qualitative Analysis of Vision-Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Memescited by 0
- 2026Learn Before You Judge: Progressive Knowledge-to-Decision Alignment for Explainable Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 0
- 2026What Improves Multimodal Misinformation Detection? Answers from a Large-Scale Empirical Studycited by 0
- 2026MemeLogos: Knowledge-Driven Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning for Harmful Meme Detectioncited by 0
- 2026MemeLogos: Knowledge-Driven Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning for Harmful Meme Detection11 Oct 2026
- 2026What Improves Multimodal Misinformation Detection? Answers from a Large-Scale Empirical Study24 Sep 2026
- 2026Small Cues, Big Consequences: Learning Pivotal Cues for Multimodal Meme Classification22 Sep 2026
- 2026MemeTAG: Keyword-Driven Meme Classification through Tag Embedding Reconstruction17 Sep 2026
- 2026Learn Before You Judge: Progressive Knowledge-to-Decision Alignment for Explainable Hateful Meme Detection17 Sep 2026
- 2026Computational Humor with Multimodal LLMs: Methods, Datasets, Evaluation, and Challenges21 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond a Joke: Multi-Angle Reasoning for Detecting and Explaining Harmful Humor in Memes16 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Accuracy: A Qualitative Analysis of Vision-Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Memes27 Jun 2026
- 2026TeamHerald@CHIPSAL 2026: Hate Speech Detection and Sentiment Analysis of Nepali Memes using Transformer-based Architectures and Ensemble Learning7 Jun 2026
- 2026MuPHI: Learning Implicit Multimodal Harm Reasoning via Semantically Grounded Reward Optimization28 May 2026
- 2026DARC-CLIP: Dynamic Adaptive Refinement with Cross-Attention for Meme Understanding25 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Hate: Differentiating Uncivil and Intolerant Speech in Multimodal Content Moderation24 Mar 2026
18 more
- 2026They Said Memes Were Harmless-We Found the Ones That Hurt: Decoding Jokes, Symbols, and Cultural References3 Feb 2026
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Framework3 Feb 2026
- 2026KID: Knowledge-Injected Dual-Head Learning for Knowledge-Grounded Harmful Meme Detection29 Jan 2026
- 2026Memes-as-Replies: Can Models Select Humorous Manga Panel Responses?21 Jan 2026
- 2026MemeLens: Multilingual Multitask VLMs for Memes18 Jan 2026
- 2026Yes FLoReNce, I Will Do Better Next Time! Agentic Feedback Reasoning for Humorous Meme Detection12 Jan 2026
- 2025ExPO-HM: Learning to Explain-then-Detect for Hateful Meme Detection8 Oct 2025
- 2025Two Stage Context Learning with Large Language Models for Multimodal Stance Detection on Climate Change9 Sep 2025
- 2025Rainbow Noise: Stress-Testing Multimodal Harmful-Meme Detectors on LGBTQ Content24 Jul 2025
- 2025From Recognition to Reasoning: Advancing Multimodal Harmful Meme Detection via Chain-of-Thought Alignment15 Jun 2025
- 2025Read as You See: Guiding Unimodal LLMs for Low-Resource Explainable Harmful Meme Detection10 Jun 2025
- 2025On VLMs for Diverse Tasks in Multimodal Meme Classification27 May 2025
- 2025Are Vision-Language Models Safe in the Wild? A Meme-Based Benchmark Study21 May 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Meet Stance Detection: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions13 May 2025
- 2025MemeBLIP2: A novel lightweight multimodal system to detect harmful memes29 Apr 2025
- 2025Improving Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Exploiting LMM-Generated Knowledge14 Apr 2025
- 2025Robust Adaptation of Large Multimodal Models for Retrieval Augmented Hateful Meme Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2024MIMIC: Multimodal Islamophobic Meme Identification and Classification1 Dec 2024
- 2025Robust Adaptation of Large Multimodal Models for Retrieval Augmented Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 12
- 2025Are Vision-Language Models Safe in the Wild? A Meme-Based Benchmark Studycited by 12
- 2025On VLMs for Diverse Tasks in Multimodal Meme Classificationcited by 2
- 2026Computational Humor with Multimodal LLMs: Methods, Datasets, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 0
- 2026Beyond Accuracy: A Qualitative Analysis of Vision-Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Memescited by 0
- 2026Computational Humor with Multimodal LLMs: Methods, Datasets, Evaluation, and Challenges21 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Accuracy: A Qualitative Analysis of Vision-Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Memes27 Jun 2026
- 2025On VLMs for Diverse Tasks in Multimodal Meme Classification27 May 2025
- 2025Are Vision-Language Models Safe in the Wild? A Meme-Based Benchmark Study21 May 2025
- 2025Robust Adaptation of Large Multimodal Models for Retrieval Augmented Hateful Meme Detection18 Feb 2025
- 2025ExPO-HM: Learning to Explain-then-Detect for Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 8
- 2025From Recognition to Reasoning: Advancing Multimodal Harmful Meme Detection via Chain-of-Thought Alignmentcited by 4
- 2026MuPHI: Learning Implicit Multimodal Harm Reasoning via Semantically Grounded Reward Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Beyond a Joke: Multi-Angle Reasoning for Detecting and Explaining Harmful Humor in Memescited by 0
- 2026Beyond a Joke: Multi-Angle Reasoning for Detecting and Explaining Harmful Humor in Memes16 Jul 2026
- 2026MuPHI: Learning Implicit Multimodal Harm Reasoning via Semantically Grounded Reward Optimization28 May 2026
- 2025ExPO-HM: Learning to Explain-then-Detect for Hateful Meme Detection8 Oct 2025
- 2025From Recognition to Reasoning: Advancing Multimodal Harmful Meme Detection via Chain-of-Thought Alignment15 Jun 2025
- 2025MemeBLIP2: A novel lightweight multimodal system to detect harmful memescited by 8
- 2025Read as You See: Guiding Unimodal LLMs for Low-Resource Explainable Harmful Meme Detectioncited by 7
- 2025Large Language Models Meet Stance Detection: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, Applications, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 6
- 2025Rainbow Noise: Stress-Testing Multimodal Harmful-Meme Detectors on LGBTQ Contentcited by 6
- 2026MemeLens: Multilingual Multitask VLMs for Memescited by 6
- 2025Improving Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Exploiting LMM-Generated Knowledgecited by 2
- 2026KID: Knowledge-Injected Dual-Head Learning for Knowledge-Grounded Harmful Meme Detectioncited by 2
- 2026MemeTAG: Keyword-Driven Meme Classification through Tag Embedding Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2026They Said Memes Were Harmless-We Found the Ones That Hurt: Decoding Jokes, Symbols, and Cultural Referencescited by 1
- 2026Small Cues, Big Consequences: Learning Pivotal Cues for Multimodal Meme Classificationcited by 1
- 2024MIMIC: Multimodal Islamophobic Meme Identification and Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Two Stage Context Learning with Large Language Models for Multimodal Stance Detection on Climate Changecited by 0
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026What Improves Multimodal Misinformation Detection? Answers from a Large-Scale Empirical Study24 Sep 2026
- 2026Small Cues, Big Consequences: Learning Pivotal Cues for Multimodal Meme Classification22 Sep 2026
- 2026MemeTAG: Keyword-Driven Meme Classification through Tag Embedding Reconstruction17 Sep 2026
- 2026Learn Before You Judge: Progressive Knowledge-to-Decision Alignment for Explainable Hateful Meme Detection17 Sep 2026
- 2026TeamHerald@CHIPSAL 2026: Hate Speech Detection and Sentiment Analysis of Nepali Memes using Transformer-based Architectures and Ensemble Learning7 Jun 2026
- 2026DARC-CLIP: Dynamic Adaptive Refinement with Cross-Attention for Meme Understanding25 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Hate: Differentiating Uncivil and Intolerant Speech in Multimodal Content Moderation24 Mar 2026
- 2026They Said Memes Were Harmless-We Found the Ones That Hurt: Decoding Jokes, Symbols, and Cultural References3 Feb 2026
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Framework3 Feb 2026
- 2026KID: Knowledge-Injected Dual-Head Learning for Knowledge-Grounded Harmful Meme Detection29 Jan 2026
- 2026Memes-as-Replies: Can Models Select Humorous Manga Panel Responses?21 Jan 2026
- 2026MemeLens: Multilingual Multitask VLMs for Memes18 Jan 2026
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)