Explainable Abuse Detection as Intent Classification and Slot Filling
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Abstract (arXiv)
To proactively offer social media users a safe online experience, there is a need for systems that can detect harmful posts and promptly alert platform moderators. In order to guarantee the enforcement of a consistent policy, moderators are provided with detailed guidelines. In contrast, most state-of-the-art models learn what abuse is from labelled examples and as a result base their predictions on spurious cues, such as the presence of group identifiers, which can be unreliable. In this work we introduce the concept of policy-aware abuse detection, abandoning the unrealistic expectation that systems can reliably learn which phenomena constitute abuse from inspecting the data alone. We propose a machine-friendly representation of the policy that moderators wish to enforce, by breaking it down into a collection of intents and slots. We collect and annotate a dataset of 3,535 English posts with such slots, and show how architectures for intent classification and slot filling can be used for abuse detection, while providing a rationale for model decisions.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2022.
Builds on
24 of 41 references.
References · 24
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- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 306
- 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 265
- 2020Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detectioncited by 217
- 2020HateCheck: Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection Modelscited by 215
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- 2019Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysiscited by 133
- 2017Understanding Abuse: A Typology of Abusive Language Detection Subtaskscited by 115
- 2018Coarse-to-Fine Decoding for Neural Semantic Parsingcited by 110
- 2018Semantic Parsing for Task Oriented Dialog using Hierarchical Representationscited by 101
12 more
- 2017Measuring the Reliability of Hate Speech Annotations: The Case of the European Refugee Crisiscited by 95
- 2019A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Mediacited by 95
- 2020Contextualizing Hate Speech Classifiers with Post-hoc Explanationcited by 84
- 2019Make Up Your Mind! Adversarial Generation of Inconsistent Natural Language Explanationscited by 71
- 2018Thou shalt not hate: Countering Online Hate Speechcited by 64
- 2020Demographics Should Not Be the Reason of Toxicity: Mitigating Discrimination in Text Classifications with Instance Weightingcited by 41
- 2020Conversational Semantic Parsingcited by 39
- 2019Tackling Online Abuse: A Survey of Automated Abuse Detection Methodscited by 33
- 2021Intent Classification and Slot Filling for Privacy Policiescited by 18
- 2022Necessity and Sufficiency for Explaining Text Classifiers: A Case Study in Hate Speech Detectioncited by 18
- 2020A Legal Approach to Hate Speech: Operationalizing the EU's Legal Framework against the Expression of Hatred as an NLP Taskcited by 11
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 4.
11 papers.
- 2024Target Span Detection for Implicit Harmful Contentcited by 8
- 2024Explainability and Hate Speech: Structured Explanations Make Social Media Moderators Fastercited by 7
- 2026Self-Explaining Hate Speech Detection with Moral Rationalescited by 5
- 2024Domain Adaptation in Intent Classification Systems: A Reviewcited by 4
- 2024AustroTox: A Dataset for Target-Based Austrian German Offensive Language Detectioncited by 4
- 2023Thesis Distillation: Investigating The Impact of Bias in NLP Models on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Compositional Generalisation for Explainable Hate Speech Detectioncited by 1
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understandingcited by 1
- 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Contentcited by 0
- 2026ToxiREX: A Dataset on Toxic REasoning in ConteXtcited by 0
- 2026Summarize, Judge, Refine: Decoupled Content Understanding and Policy Learning for Multimodal Content Moderationcited by 0
- 2026Summarize, Judge, Refine: Decoupled Content Understanding and Policy Learning for Multimodal Content Moderation6 Aug 2026
- 2026ToxiREX: A Dataset on Toxic REasoning in ConteXt26 Jun 2026
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026Self-Explaining Hate Speech Detection with Moral Rationales7 Jan 2026
- 2025Compositional Generalisation for Explainable Hate Speech Detection4 Jun 2025
- 2024AustroTox: A Dataset for Target-Based Austrian German Offensive Language Detection12 Jun 2024
- 2024Explainability and Hate Speech: Structured Explanations Make Social Media Moderators Faster6 Jun 2024
- 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Content17 May 2024
- 2024Target Span Detection for Implicit Harmful Content28 Mar 2024
- 2024Domain Adaptation in Intent Classification Systems: A Review26 Mar 2024
- 2023Thesis Distillation: Investigating The Impact of Bias in NLP Models on Hate Speech Detection31 Aug 2023