FocalClick: Towards Practical Interactive Image Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Interactive segmentation allows users to extract target masks by making positive/negative clicks. Although explored by many previous works, there is still a gap between academic approaches and industrial needs: first, existing models are not efficient enough to work on low power devices; second, they perform poorly when used to refine preexisting masks as they could not avoid destroying the correct part. FocalClick solves both issues at once by predicting and updating the mask in localized areas. For higher efficiency, we decompose the slow prediction on the entire image into two fast inferences on small crops: a coarse segmentation on the Target Crop, and a local refinement on the Focus Crop. To make the model work with preexisting masks, we formulate a sub-task termed Interactive Mask Correction, and propose Progressive Merge as the solution. Progressive Merge exploits morphological information to decide where to preserve and where to update, enabling users to refine any preexisting mask effectively. FocalClick achieves competitive results against SOTA methods with significantly smaller FLOPs. It also shows significant superiority when making corrections on preexisting masks. Code and data will be released at github.com/XavierCHEN34/ClickSEG
Key facts. Cited by 101 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2022.
Builds on
24 of 48 references.
References · 24
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- 2019Segmentation Transformer: Object-Contextual Representations for Semantic Segmentationcited by 573
- 2018YouTube-VOS: A Large-Scale Video Object Segmentation Benchmarkcited by 381
- 2017Large Kernel Matters -- Improve Semantic Segmentation by Global Convolutional Networkcited by 208
- 2021Reviving Iterative Training with Mask Guidance for Interactive Segmentationcited by 162
- 2016Deep Interactive Object Selectioncited by 160
- 2017Deep Image Mattingcited by 150
- 2019DoveNet: Deep Image Harmonization via Domain Verificationcited by 134
- 2015Salient Object Detection: A Benchmarkcited by 130
- 2020f-BRS: Rethinking Backpropagating Refinement for Interactive Segmentationcited by 117
- 2018Iteratively Trained Interactive Segmentationcited by 52
- 2021EdgeFlow: Achieving Practical Interactive Segmentation with Edge-Guided Flowcited by 40
- 2020Getting to 99% Accuracy in Interactive Segmentationcited by 19
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 37; 2024: 36; 2025: 18; 2026: 8.
101 papers.
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- 2023DynaMITe: Dynamic Query Bootstrapping for Multi-object Interactive Segmentation Transformercited by 14
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- 2023AdaptiveClick: Clicks-aware Transformer with Adaptive Focal Loss for Interactive Image Segmentationcited by 11
- 2023Learning to Generate Semantic Layouts for Higher Text-Image Correspondence in Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 11
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- 2024Repurposing Stable Diffusion Attention for Training-Free Unsupervised Interactive Segmentationcited by 9
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50 most cited of 101 All 101 (JSON)
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- 2026LeCor: Learning to Be Corrected by Meta-Learned Test-Time Training for Interactive 3D Lung-Tumour Segmentation8 Sep 2026
- 2026DropClick: Semi-Automated One-Click Segmentation for Agricultural Robotic Data3 Sep 2026
- 2026NegROI: Click-Centric Uncertainty-Guided Refinement with Scene-Conditioned Negative Prompts for Robust Interactive 3D Segmentation7 Jul 2026
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- 2025DC-TTA: Divide-and-Conquer Framework for Test-Time Adaptation of Interactive Segmentation29 Jun 2025
- 2025FocalClick-XL: Towards Unified and High-quality Interactive Segmentation17 Jun 2025
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- 2025Interactive Instance Annotation with Siamese Networks6 May 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Feature Upsampling Methods for Vision Foundation Models using Interactive Segmentation4 May 2025
- 2025RP-SAM2: Refining Point Prompts for Stable Surgical Instrument Segmentation25 Mar 2025
- 2025RefCut: Interactive Segmentation with Reference Guidance22 Mar 2025
- 2025M2N2V2: Multi-Modal Unsupervised and Training-free Interactive Segmentation20 Mar 2025
- 2025DescriptorMedSAM: Language-Image Fusion with Multi-Aspect Text Guidance for Medical Image Segmentation18 Mar 2025
- 2025Breaking the Box: Enhancing Remote Sensing Image Segmentation with Freehand Sketches15 Mar 2025
- 2025Human-in-the-Loop Local Corrections of 3D Scene Layouts via Infilling14 Mar 2025
- 2025SegAgent: Exploring Pixel Understanding Capabilities in MLLMs by Imitating Human Annotator Trajectories11 Mar 2025
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- 2025SkipClick: Combining Quick Responses and Low-Level Features for Interactive Segmentation in Winter Sports Contexts14 Jan 2025
- 2024Test-time Correction: An Online 3D Detection System via Visual Prompting10 Dec 2024
- 2024Repurposing Stable Diffusion Attention for Training-Free Unsupervised Interactive Segmentation15 Nov 2024
- 2024LiVOS: Light Video Object Segmentation with Gated Linear Matching5 Nov 2024
- 2024Referring Human Pose and Mask Estimation in the Wild27 Oct 2024
- 2024LIMIS: Towards Language-based Interactive Medical Image Segmentation22 Oct 2024
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- 2024An Augmentation-based Model Re-adaptation Framework for Robust Image Segmentation14 Sep 2024
- 2024Interactive 3D Segmentation for Primary Gross Tumor Volume in Oropharyngeal Cancer10 Sep 2024
- 2024Interactive Occlusion Boundary Estimation through Exploitation of Synthetic Data27 Aug 2024
- 2024SAM-REF: Introducing Image-Prompt Synergy during Interaction for Detail Enhancement in the Segment Anything Model21 Aug 2024
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- 2024Is user feedback always informative? Retrieval Latent Defending for Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation without Source Data22 Jul 2024
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50 newest of 101 All 101 (JSON)
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2023Segment Everything Everywhere All at Oncecited by 546
- 2023Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Analysis: an Experimental Studycited by 291
- 2023Semantic-SAM: Segment and Recognize Anything at Any Granularitycited by 185
- 2023Segment Any 3D Gaussianscited by 158
- 2022SimpleClick: Interactive Image Segmentation with Simple Vision Transformerscited by 109
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learningcited by 75
- 2024VISTA3D: A Unified Segmentation Foundation Model For 3D Medical Imagingcited by 62
- 2023Segment Anything in 3D with Radiance Fieldscited by 61
- 2022PseudoClick: Interactive Image Segmentation with Click Imitationcited by 42
- 2023VDD: Varied Drone Dataset for Semantic Segmentationcited by 39
- 2023AGILE3D: Attention Guided Interactive Multi-object 3D Segmentationcited by 33
12 most cited of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2026UnfoldCRF: Structured Mask Refinement with Image-Conditioned Latent Regions27 Sep 2026
- 2026IMVS: Interactive Medical Volume Segmentation with Test-Time Adaptation - A New Method for Annotating Radiology Datasets15 Sep 2026
- 2026LeCor: Learning to Be Corrected by Meta-Learned Test-Time Training for Interactive 3D Lung-Tumour Segmentation8 Sep 2026
- 2026DropClick: Semi-Automated One-Click Segmentation for Agricultural Robotic Data3 Sep 2026
- 2026NegROI: Click-Centric Uncertainty-Guided Refinement with Scene-Conditioned Negative Prompts for Robust Interactive 3D Segmentation7 Jul 2026
- 2026Interactive Tracking: A Human-in-the-Loop Paradigm with Memory-Augmented Adaptation2 Apr 2026
- 2026Clore: Interactive Pathology Image Segmentation with Click-based Local Refinement29 Mar 2026
- 2026ActiveFreq: Integrating Active Learning and Frequency Domain Analysis for Interactive Segmentation12 Mar 2026
- 2025On the Effectiveness of Textual Prompting with Lightweight Fine-Tuning for SAM3 Remote Sensing Segmentation17 Dec 2025
- 2025VFM-ISRefiner: Towards Better Adapting Vision Foundation Models for Interactive Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images30 Nov 2025
- 2025MMMS: Multi-Modal Multi-Surface Interactive Segmentation16 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Efficient Pixel Labeling for Industrial Anomaly Detection and Localization5 Sep 2025
12 newest of 98 All 98 (JSON)